Editing Hittite:Glossing recommendations

== Examples for common forms ==

For '''examples''' of glossings of common Hittite forms, see [[Hittite:Glossing of common Hittite forms|here]].

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== Extra Glossing transcription line ==
Traditional scholarly transliteration as well as bound transcription of '''Hittite''' uses punctuation, too. This punctuation is in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the [[Glossing Rules]].

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Puctuation !! Meaning in scholarly<br/>transliterations of Hittite !! Meaning in scholarly <br/>bound transcription of Hittite !! Meaning in <br/>Glossing transcription line !! Meaning in <br/>Glossing line 
|-
| align="center" | '''.''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange|Separates cuneiform signs used in Sumerograms}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_period_expert|''Portmanteau'']] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | ''':''' || {{Red|''Glossenkeil''}} || — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_colon|Morpheme separator]] 
|-
| align="center" | '''-''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Separates cuneiform signs used in Akkadograms and in syllabic spelling}} ||  colspan="2" |[[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''=''' || — || Clitic || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|Clitic]] 
|-
| align="center" | '''(&nbsp;)''' || — || {{Orange|Non-overt phonemes,  <br/>scholarly reconstruction}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_parentheses|Inherent]] category
|-
| align="center" | '''[&nbsp;]''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Completely destroyed text (''lacuna''), <br/>potentially with reconstructed content}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_square_brackets|‘Zero’ morpheme]]
|-
| align="center" | '''&lceil;&nbsp;&rceil;''' || colspan="2" | Partially destroyed text, <br/>usually with reconstructed content || colspan="2" |  — 
|-
| align="center" | '''{&nbsp;}''' || colspan="2" | Erasure || colspan="2" |  — 
|-
| align="center" | '''&lt;&nbsp;&gt;''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Emendation of a scribal error (addition)}} || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_angle_brackets|Infix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''&lt;&lt;&nbsp;&gt;&gt;''' || colspan="2" | Emendation of a scribal error (deletion) || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''~''' || colspan="2" | — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_tilde|Reduplication]] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''{{tf}}''' || colspan="2" | —  || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_transfix|Transfix]] 
|-
| align="center" | '''_''' || colspan="2" | — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_object_language|Fixed phrase]] || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_gloss|Fixed phrase]] 
|-
| align="center" | '''\''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_backslash|''Ablaut'']] phenomenon
|-
| align="center" | '''/''' || colspan="2" | (Options) || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_slash|Ambigous]] morpheme
|}

In order to prevent any confusion, it is strongly advisable or, as far as “-” and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” are concerned, even mandatory not to use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line (directly above the Glossing line). Keep in mind that the '''number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to [[Glossing_Rules#Correct_sequential_alignment|match exactly]]'''.

; Problematic examples:
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Ku{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}uš{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ša{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Red|&lt;}}ra{{Red|&gt;}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''kat{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}an{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ga{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ri{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it'' || ''ụ́{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}'' 
|- 
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} 

{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|- 
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa{{Red|&lt;}}ra{{Red|&gt;}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''katta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}ngarit'' || ''u{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}et{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''
|- 
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} 

Consequently, the encoder needs to add '''an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’''' between the traditional Transliteration line (or traditional Bound transcription line) and the Glossing line. 

; Examples:
{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Ku-uš-ša-&lt;ra&gt;'' || URU-''az'' || ''kat-ta'' || ''[pa-]an-ga-ri-it'' || ''ụ́[-it]'' 
|- 
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit
|- 
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT || uet
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} 


{| {{Glossing table}} |
|- 
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa&lt;ra&gt;'' || URU-''az'' || ''katta'' || ''[pa]ngarit'' || ''u[et]''
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit || uet
|- 
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} 

In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the [[Glossing Rules]]. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her scholarly tradition.

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== Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines ==
To '''derive a valid Glossing transcription line''' from a traditional transliteration or transcription line, the follwoing hand-on rules may help.

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional <br/>transliteration <br/>line !! Traditional <br/>transcription <br/>line !! Glossing <br/>transliteration line !! Examples
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" rowspan="2" | '''.''' || make bound transcription ||  
|-
| keep it (if bound transcription impossible) || LUGAL.GAL → LUGAL.GAL king:great ‘Great King’
|-
| align="center" | {{Red|''':'''}} || || leave out  || 
|-
| align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || || make bound transcription of either the underlying Hittite word or of the Akkadogram, i.e. the Akkadian word  || ''Ku-uš-ša-ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br/>URU-''az'' → URUaz city:ABL ‘from (the) city’
|-
| || align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || like “.”, but with sumerograms; <br/>keep italics for sumerogram || GAL-''ŠUNU'' → GAL.''ŠUNU'' great:POSS.3PL.C ‘their leader’ 
|-
| || align="center" | = || keep it ([[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|clitic]]) || ''me-e-ni-im-me-et'' → mēni=mmet face:ACC.SG.N=POSS.1SG.NOM/ACC.SG.N ‘my face’
|-
| || align="center" | '''(&nbsp;)''' || leave parentheses <br/>and content out || ''n(u)=an'' → n=an CNJ=3SG.ACC.C ‘and him’ 
|-
| align="center"  colspan ="2" | (superscript) || leave classifiers out || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussara'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center"  colspan ="2" | {{Red|'''&lt;&nbsp;&gt;'''}} || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa&lt;ra&gt;'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center"  colspan ="2" | '''{&nbsp;}''' || leave brackets and content out || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa{sa}ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ 
|-
| align="center"  colspan ="2" | '''[&nbsp;]''' || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content or leave it out || <sup>URU</sup>''[Kussa]ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br/><sup>URU</sup>''[Kussa]ra'' → [__]ra ‘[''destroyed'']’
|-
| align="center"  colspan ="2" | '''&lceil;&nbsp;&rceil;''' || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content || <sup>URU</sup>''&lceil;Kussa&rceil;ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ 
|}


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== Problems with the Cuneiform Script: Syllabic and Logographic spelling ==
The Hittite language was written in the cuneiform script that ultimately derived from Southern Mesopotamia. The cuneiform script consists of syllabic and logographic signs. Since the script was originally not invented to write an Indo-European language such as Hittite, it is not the best suitable script to write such a language. The Hittite cuneiform script uses consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) signs as well as single vowel (V) signs and consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) signs. This syllabic writing system masks the exact phonetics of the Hittite language. For example, it makes it impossible to write consonant clusters which are common in Indo-European languages. Logograms in Hittite texts are signs or combinations of signs that designate a specific Hittite word. Two types of logograms are distinguished in Hittite texts: Sumerograms and Akkadograms. Sumerograms are words from the Sumerian language whereas Akkadograms are words from the Akkadian language. 

In transliterations of Hittite texts it is custom to distinguish between the different logographic and syllabic spellings. Syllabic signs, which reflect the Hittite language directly, are written in italics and separated by hyphens (-). Sumerograms are written in capital letters and uses dots (.) to separate the different signs, whereas Akkadograms are written in italicized capital letters and uses hyphens (-) to separate the different signs. In addition, one finds syllabic endings attached to logographically written words. Akkadographic endings can also be attached to a Sumerogram, these are written in superscript. 
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Transliteration !! Glossing transcription !! Gloss
|-
| MUNUS.LUGAL || MUNUS.LUGAL || queen
|-
| DUMU || DUMU || son
|-
| DUMU-''aš'' || DUMU''aš'' || son:GEN.SG
|-
| ''A-BU''	|| ''ABU'' or ''attaš'' || father:NOM.SG.C
|-
| DINGIR''LIM-iš'' || DINGIR''LIMiš'' || god:NOM.SG.C
|}

These logograms can complicate glossing a Hittite text, especially when the Hittite word underlying the Sumerogram or Akkadogram is unknown. We suggest to do the following when one is glossing a Hittite text or text passage. If possible, write the underlying Hittite word(s) in its correct form in the glossing transliteration line. When the underlying word or its correct form is unknown, leave the logogram in its capitalized format. For Sumerograms one should also leave the separating dots. For Akkadograms one should make a bound transcription of the Akkadian word and, hence, remove the separating hyphens, but leave the italics. The hyphen that connects the syllabically written endings may be removed. 

One should be cautious to gloss the underlying Hittite language and not the script. For example, unlike Hittite Akkadian does distinguish between masculine and feminine and this can be reflected in Akkadograms such as in DUMU=''ŠU'' ‘his son’. Nonetheless one should not gloss it as masculine (M), since that does not reflect the Hittite language (DUMU=''ŠU'' son=his.POSS.3SG.C (not M!)). In addition, a Hittite construction may differ from that of a logographically written one. For example, Akkadograms, in accordance with the Akkadian language, make use of prepositions, whereas Hittite uses postpositions or perhaps a case ending instead.

On the Hittite cuneiform script, Hittite writing conventions and modern transcription conventions, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: pp. 9-24.