Editing Glossing Rules
From Glossing Ancient Languages
The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit.
Latest revision | Your text | ||
Line 103: | Line 103: | ||
<div id="Punctuation_underscore_object_language"> | <div id="Punctuation_underscore_object_language"> | ||
; (2c) Standard Joining Rule for object language words | ; (2c) Standard Joining Rule for object language words | ||
: If two or more object language words corresponds to one | : If two or more object language words corresponds to one elements in the gloss, these elements have to be joined by a punctuation mark. The standard punctuation mark for '''joining object language words''' that correspond to one single gloss is the '''underscore “_”''' (rather than the period “.”). <ref>Lehmann (2004: R11).</ref> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 159: | Line 159: | ||
<div id="Punctuation_slash"> | <div id="Punctuation_slash"> | ||
; (4) Ambiguous polysemous morphemes recommendation | ; (4) Ambiguous polysemous morphemes recommendation | ||
: If a morpheme has two or more different | : If a morpheme has two or more different meaning, i.e. if it is '''polysemous''', the encoder might optionally want to give two or more of the meanings separated by a '''slash “/”'''. <ref>Lehmann (2004: §3.5, tab. 6.2).</ref> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 199: | Line 199: | ||
{| {{Glossing table}} | {| {{Glossing table}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || '' | | ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || ART.INDF.S'''G:M'''.DAT || shor'''t:v'''acation.'''M:S'''G.DAT || bac'''k:c'''om'''e:P'''TCP.PRF | | the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || ART.INDF.S'''G:M'''.DAT || shor'''t:v'''acation.'''M:S'''G.DAT || bac'''k:c'''om'''e:P'''TCP.PRF | ||
Line 215: | Line 215: | ||
</small> | </small> | ||
Note that, consequently, the period (“.”) has a more precise meaning | Note that, consequently, the period (“.”) has a more precise meaning then in the advanced mode (see [[#Punctuation_period_advanced|below]]). | ||
{{Separating bar}} | {{Separating bar}} | ||
Line 250: | Line 250: | ||
| '''Glossing <br/>transliteration''' || vorgestern <ref>For the lower case, cf. Lehmann (2004: R31).</ref> || bin || ich || aus || ei'''n-e'''m || Kur'''z=u'''rlaub || zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n. | | '''Glossing <br/>transliteration''' || vorgestern <ref>For the lower case, cf. Lehmann (2004: R31).</ref> || bin || ich || aus || ei'''n-e'''m || Kur'''z=u'''rlaub || zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Glossing <br/>line''' || the_day_<br/>before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation(M)[SG.DAT] || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F<sub>1</sub>-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF<sub>1</sub> | | '''Glossing <br/>line''' || the_day_<br/>before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation(M)[ SG.DAT] || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F<sub>1</sub>-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF<sub>1</sub> | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}} | {{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}} | ||
Line 326: | Line 326: | ||
<div id="Punctuation_circumfix"> | <div id="Punctuation_circumfix"> | ||
; (8) Circum-morpheme markup recommendation | ; (8) Circum-morpheme markup recommendation | ||
: If a split object language morpheme encircles another word from both sides as a '''circumfix''' or ‘circum-clitic’, or if two object language words encircle other words, we recommend to simply '''repeat the same gloss''' for both elements identically and mark both glosses with the '''same | : If a split object language morpheme encircles another word from both sides as a '''circumfix''' or ‘circum-clitic’, or if two object language words encircle other words, we recommend to simply '''repeat the same gloss''' for both elements identically and mark both glosses with the '''same superscript index'''. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 8 (there without index) and Lehmann (2004: R17) with alternative suggestions.</ref> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 336: | Line 336: | ||
| šipr-am || '''ta-'''štapr'''-ī''' | | šipr-am || '''ta-'''štapr'''-ī''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| writing(M)-ACC.SG || '''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''-write. | | writing(M)-ACC.SG || '''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''-write.PRF-'''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Translation| ‘You have sent a letter.’}} | {{Translation| ‘You have sent a letter.’}} | ||
Line 375: | Line 375: | ||
| šipr-am || ta-š'''<ta>'''pr-ī | | šipr-am || ta-š'''<ta>'''pr-ī | ||
|- | |- | ||
| letter(M)-ACC.SG || 2SG.F<sub>1</sub>-write'''< | | letter(M)-ACC.SG || 2SG.F<sub>1</sub>-write'''<PRF>'''-2SG.F<sub>1</sub> | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Translation|‘You have sent a letter.’}} | {{Translation|‘You have sent a letter.’}} | ||
Line 543: | Line 543: | ||
==== Transfix (root-and-pattern morphology) ==== | ==== Transfix (root-and-pattern morphology) ==== | ||
In some languages, like many Afro-Asiatic languages, one can neatly separate (a) a word root and (b) a vowel pattern, although they are intertwined like two cogwheels. This phenomenon is known as ‘root-and-pattern morphology’ or ‘transfixation’. | In some languages, like many Afro-Asiatic languages, one can neatly separate (a) a word root and (b) a vowel pattern, although they are intertwined like two cogwheels. This phenomenon is known under as ‘root-and-pattern morphology’ or ‘transfixation’. | ||
<div id="Punctuation_transfix"> | <div id="Punctuation_transfix"> | ||
; (15) Transfix markup recommendation | ; (15) Transfix markup recommendation | ||
: Categories that are expressed by a transfix, i.e. a complex regular vocalic pattern applied to a (consonantal) root in a paradigm, may be marked as unspecified inflection (“:”, see [[#Punctuation_colon|above]]). | : Categories that are expressed by a transfix, i.e. a complex regular vocalic pattern applied to a (consonantal) root in a paradigm, may be marked as unspecified inflection (“:”, see [[#Punctuation_colon|above]]). | ||
: | : Alternatively, we suggest to use a ‘new’ punctuation, e.g. '''“{{tf}}”''', to mark transfixation. | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
; Discussion: | ; Discussion: | ||
: | : Some scholars suggest to use the backslash (“\”; see [[#Punctuation_backslash|above]]) also for transfixation. <ref>Cf. Lehmann (2004: R20).</ref>. | ||
Cf. the following examples from Akkadian: | Cf. the following examples from Akkadian: | ||
Line 566: | Line 563: | ||
| ''ašappar'' || a-š'''a'''p'''pa'''r || 1SG-writ'''e:I'''PFV ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}I'''PFV || ‘I send, I will send’ | | ''ašappar'' || a-š'''a'''p'''pa'''r || 1SG-writ'''e:I'''PFV ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}I'''PFV || ‘I send, I will send’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''aštapar'' || a-š'''<ta>'''p'''a'''r || 1SG-write'''< | | ''aštapar'' || a-š'''<ta>'''p'''a'''r || 1SG-write'''<PRF>''' ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}P'''RF || ‘I have sent’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''šiprum'' || š'''i'''pr-um || '''writing(M)'''-NOM.SG || ‘message, writing; work’ | | ''šiprum'' || š'''i'''pr-um || '''writing(M)'''-NOM.SG || ‘message, writing; work’ | ||
Line 592: | Line 589: | ||
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}} | {{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}} | ||
However, the encoder may of course choose to use the colon “:” instead of any of the other indications of separable morphemes (“-”, “=”, “< & | However, the encoder may of course choose to use the colon “:” instead of any of the other indications of separable morphemes (“-”, “=”, “< &rt;”, “~”, “\”) – but not for ''Portmanteau'' morphemes. But remember that that, differently to the cases of “-”, “=”, “< &rt;”, and “~”, the colon “:” in the gloss is not supposed to match with a colon “:” in the Glossing transliteration line. | ||
Note that a separate glossing transcription line is not necessary if the encoder uses only periods “.”, colons “:”, backslashes “\”, parentheses “( )”, and square brackets “[ ]”. | Note that a separate glossing transcription line is not necessary if the encoder uses only periods “.”, colons “:”, backslashes “\”, parentheses “( )”, and square brackets “[ ]”. | ||
Line 604: | Line 601: | ||
== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
* Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. | * Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. | ||
* Kutscher, Silvia & Daniel A. Werning (eds.) ( | * Kutscher, Silvia & Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (forthc.). [http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/204910 ''On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages''], Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358. | ||
* Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. In: Booij, Geert, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds.), ''Morphologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung. 2. Halbband'', Handbücher der Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 17/2, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1834–1857 (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf) | * Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. In: Booij, Geert, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds.), ''Morphologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung. 2. Halbband'', Handbücher der Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 17/2, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1834–1857 (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf) | ||
* ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008. | * ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008. |