Editing Glossing Rules

== Core rules ==

=== Alignment ===

; (1) Alignment Rule

; Example:

The best way to edit this in text editing programs is by the means of invisible tables, i.e. '''tables without border lines'''. (Whitespaces like blanks or tabs are not very helpful for this purpose.)

=== One-to-Many Correspondences ===

==== One object language word = many gloss elements ====

; (2a) Standard Joining Rule (for the gloss)

: Within a pair of an object language word and gloss, neither the word nor the gloss may contain any whitespaces (blanks, tabs).  

: If one object language word corresponds to two or more elements in the gloss, these elements have to be joined by a punctuation mark.  

:The standard punctuation mark for '''joining elements in the gloss''' is the '''period “.”'''. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 4.</ref>

; Example:

</small>

; Standard exception to the Standard Joining Rule

===== Compact translation phrases in the gloss =====

; (2b) Compact phrase joining recommendation

; Example:

| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.

|-

|}

| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.

|-

|}

</small>

: ''But ''“vorgestern”'' does contain the elements ''“before”'' and ''“yesterday”''!''   

: In the spirit of the Compact Phrase Joining Rule, one may therefore gloss “vorgestern” either as “befor'''e.y'''esterday” or “'''the_day_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday”.

==== Many object language words = one gloss element ====

; (2c) Standard Joining Rule for object language words

; Example:

|}

</small>

=== Analyzing grammatical categories ===

: Grammatical categories marked on or inherent to the object language word may be analyzed in the gloss. These '''grammatical categories''' have to be typeset in '''small caps''' (small capital letters), or else – but less elegant – in normal capital letters.  

For common glossing abbreviations, see the [[Glossing Abbreviations|Glossing Abbreviations section]].

|}

==== Affixes and clitics ====

; Example:

! Gender, case !! Word !! Glossing transcription !! Gloss

|-  

|-

| M, GEN || ''eines'' || ei'''n-e'''s || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.GEN

Note that e.g. ''“bin”'' cannot neatly be separated into different morphemes. Therefore, all its semantic elements are still ''fused'' by periods ‘.’ in the gloss.   

==== Circumfixes and other circum-morphemes ====

; Examples:

| šipr-am || '''ta-'''štapr'''-ī'''  

|-

|}

{{Translation| ‘You have sent a letter.’}}

|}

{{Translation|‘I don’t know why.’}}

==== Infixes ====

; Example:

| šipr-am || ta-š'''&lt;ta&gt;'''pr-ī  

|-

|}

{{Translation|‘You have sent a letter.’}}

==== Reduplication phenomena ====

Cf. the following Egyptian paradigm:

| DISTR || ''jrrt'' || jr'''~r'''-t || d'''o~P'''TCP.DISTR-F || ‘(she) who (repeatedly, ...) does/used to do’

|}

==== Correct sequential alignment rule ====

If affixes, clitics, reduplications and/or infixes are marked by “-”, “=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, respectively, it is mandatory to obey the following rule:

Cf. for example:

| ‘what he used to do’ || || || ‘I walked’

|}

==== Missing inflection ====

Cf. the following paradigm:

| SG, DAT || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.DAT''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')

|-  

|-

|-

|-

|}

</small>

; Example:

|}

{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

==== Covert, inherent categories ====

: Categories that are never expressed by a morpheme in a paradigm, i.e. categories that are rather inherent to a lexeme, may optionally be attached to the respective gloss in '''parentheses “(&nbsp;)”''' (rather than by a period “.” or square brackets “[&nbsp;]”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 7.</ref>

; Example:

Caution: This rule may eventually generate some difficult questions, like whether e.g. “ich” should be glossed as “1SG.NOM” or “1SG(NOM)”.  

Cf. the following paradigm:

|}

Cf. the following examples from Akkadian:

{| class="wikitable"

|-  

|-  

|-  

|-  

|-  

| ''šiprum''  || š'''i'''pr-um  || '''writing(M)'''-NOM.SG || ‘message, writing; work’

|}

; Example:

| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.

|-

|}

{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

== References ==

== Bibliography ==

* Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell &amp; Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.

* ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.