Editing Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms
From Glossing Ancient Languages
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| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian''' | | colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian''' | ||
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| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (2013) | | ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (2013) Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review. In: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), ''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. PID [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0].</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" /> | ||
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| ''swt'' || swt || swt | | ''swt'' || swt || swt | ||
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;FAQ: | ;FAQ: | ||
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’'' | :''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’'' | ||
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http:// | :The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292.</ref> | ||
==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== | ==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== | ||
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014) | Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014) Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: Eitan Grossman ''et al.'' (eds.), ''On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar'', Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6].</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
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| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http:// | | ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2012-Egyptian_Prepositions_Spatial_Relations.pdf Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for= | ||
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| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for- | | ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for- | ||
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| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of | | ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of | ||
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| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http:// | | ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2004-Gardiner_D1.pdf The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12 | ||
p. 183–203 | p. 183–203.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> | ||
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| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with | | ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with | ||
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== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). | * Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. PID [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D]. | ||
;Grammars: | ;Grammars: | ||
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online]) | * Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online]) | ||
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18. | * Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18. | ||
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8. | * Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8. |