Editing Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms
From Glossing Ancient Languages
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| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL | | ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''st'' || st || | | ''st'' || st || 3SG.C || =st || =3SG.C | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian''' | | colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. ( | | ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (in print) Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A critical review. To appear in: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), [''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts''] (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, 44 pp.</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''swt'' || swt || swt | | ''swt'' || swt || swt | ||
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| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)''' | | colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''pꜢ'' || pꜢ || this:M || pꜢ || DEM.PROX:M.SG | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || this:F || tꜢ || DEM.PROX:F.SG | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''nꜢ'' || nꜢ || this || nꜢ || DEM.PROX:C | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''nꜢ n(j)'' || nꜢ_nï || these || nꜢ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" | '''Distal''' | | colspan="5" | '''Distal''' | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || land.M || tꜢ || land(M)[SG] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜢ.w'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜢ-w || land(M)-PL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜢ.wï'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜢ-wï || land(M)-DU | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG] | | ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG] | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜢ-jmn.t / <br/>tꜢ jmn.t'' || tꜢ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' <br/>land.M:STC west:F || tꜢ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nb.t-p.t / <br/>nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' <br/>mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG] | | ''nb.t-p.t / <br/>nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' <br/>mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG] | ||
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| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF | | ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''s: | | ''s:Ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}Ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-Ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF | | ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF | ||
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;FAQ: | ;FAQ: | ||
:''‘Why | :''‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription gmi̯{{TrSep}}t find:INF instead of gmi̯-t find-INF?’'' | ||
: | :The gloss gmi̯-t find-INF might make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs ''IIIae inf.'' like gmi̯ and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like sḏm. By keeping the ‘.’, we want to make clear that the feature INF is not solely present in the -t. This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms. | ||
==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ==== | ==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ==== | ||
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| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Present’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV | | rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Present’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:IPFV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}IPFV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV | | rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV | ||
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| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV | | ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:SBJV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}SBJV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢn'' || mꜢn || see:SBJV || mꜢn || see{{tf}}SBJV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV | | ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / <br/>gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / <br/>gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST || mꜢꜢ || see{{tf}}POST | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST | | ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfect’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT) | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfect’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢ.n'' || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}} | | ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}} | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’ | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PRV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PRV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV | | ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢꜢ.t'' || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL | | ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | | ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS | | ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ~Ꜣ || see~POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS | | ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS | ||
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;FAQ: | ;FAQ: | ||
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’'' | :''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’'' | ||
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http:// | :The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292.</ref> | ||
==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== | ==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== | ||
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. ( | Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (in print) Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: [Grossman, Eitan, Stéphane Polis, Andréas Stauder & Jean Winand] (eds.), [''Proceedings of the conference ‘New Directions in Egyptian Syntax’, 12th–14th May 2011, Liège''], ca. 28 pp.</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV | | (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯. | | ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜢ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w). | | (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜢ / gmi̯.w.kꜢ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜢ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y). | | (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜢ'' || gmy-kꜢ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''pꜢw / pꜢ(w)'' || pꜢw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http:// | | ''r'' (STN) || r || rowspan="2" | to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2012-Egyptian_Prepositions_Spatial_Relations.pdf Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for= | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr | | ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr{{TrSep}} / r{{TrSep}} || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to= | | ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to= | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n='' (STPR) || n | | ''n='' (STPR) || n{{TrSep}} || for{{TrSep}} / due_to{{TrSep}} || n- || BEN- / due_to- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with= | | ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with= | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''jm='' (STPR) || m | | ''jm='' (STPR) || m{{TrSep}} || in{{TrSep}} / from{{TrSep}} <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of{{TrSep}} / as{{TrSep}} / with{{TrSep}} || jm- || INESS- / ABL- <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of | | ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http:// | | ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2004-Gardiner_D1.pdf The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12 | ||
p. 183–203 | p. 183–203.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with | | ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with | ||
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| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ | | ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ꜤḥꜤ.n'' || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM | | ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM | ||
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| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ḥꜢ'' || ḥꜢ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
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| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''kꜢ'' || kꜢ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ꜤꜢ'' || ꜤꜢ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
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== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http:// | * Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. | ||
;Grammars: | ;Grammars: | ||
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online]) | * Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online]) | ||
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18. | * Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18. | ||
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8. | * * Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8. | ||