Hittite:Glossing of common Hittite forms
From Glossing Ancient Languages
Grammatical Forms
Pronouns
Independent Personal Pronouns
First and second person.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ūk | ūk | 1SG.NOM | ūk | 1SG.NOM |
| ammuk | ammuk | 1SG.NOM | ammuk | 1SG.NOM |
| ammuk | ammuk | 1SG.ACC | ammuk | 1SG.ACC |
| ammel | ammel | 1SG:GEN | amm-el | 1SG-GEN |
| ammuk | ammuk | 1SG.DATLOC | ammuk | 1SG.DATLOC |
| ammēdaz | ammēdaz | 1SG:ABL | amm-ēdaz | 1SG-ABL |
| wēš | wēš | 1PL.NOM | wēš | 1PL.NOM |
| anzāš | anzāš | 1PL:ACC | anz-āš | 1PL-ACC |
| anzel | anzel | 1PL:GEN | anz-el | 1PL-GEN |
| anzāš | anzāš | 1PL:DATLOC | anz-āš | 1PL-DATLOC |
| anzēdaš | anzēdaš | 1PL:ABL | anz-ēdaš | 1PL-ABL |
| zik | zik | 1SG.NOM | zik | 1SG.NOM |
| tuk | tuk | 1SG.ACC | tuk | 1SG.ACC |
| tuel | tuel | 1SG:GEN | tu-el | 1SG-GEN |
| tuk | tuk | 1SG.DATLOC | tuk | 1SG.DATLOC |
| tuēdaz | tuēdaz | 1SG:ABL | tu-ēdaz | 1SG-ABL |
| šumeš | šumeš | 1PL:NOM | šum-eš | 1PL-NOM |
| šumaš | šumaš | 1PL:ACC | šum-aš | 1PL-ACC |
| šumenzan | šumenzan | 1PL:GEN | šum-enzan | 1PL-GEN |
| šumel | šumel | 1PL:GEN | šum-el | 1PL-GEN |
| šumaš | šumaš | 1PL:DATLOC | šum-aš | 1PL-DATLOC |
| šumēdaz | šumēdaz | 1PL:ABL | šum-ēdaz | 1PL-ABL |
For these and other forms of the independent personal pronouns of the first and second person, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.8, p. 134. In Hittite the demonstrative pronoun apā- ‘that, the aforementioned (one)’, for which see #Demonstrative Pronouns below, functions as the independent pronoun for the third person.
Enclitic Personal Pronouns
The enclitic personal pronouns can only occur in specific positions in the clause; in most cases they are attached to the first accented word of the clause. In addition, they can only occur in certain positions in relation to other clitics attached to the same word. See for these issues Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §§30.15-30.21, pp. 410-412.
First and second person.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =mu | =mu | =1SG.ACC | =mu | =1SG.ACC |
| =mu | =mu | =1SG.DAT | =mu | =1SG.DAT |
| =naš | =naš | =1PL.ACC | =naš | =1PL.ACC |
| =naš | =naš | =1PL.DAT | =naš | =1PL.DAT |
| =ta | =ta | =2SG.ACC | =ta | =2SG.ACC |
| =ta | =ta | =2SG.DAT | =ta | =2SG.DAT |
| =šmaš | =šmaš | =2PL.ACC | =šmaš | =2PL.ACC |
| =šmaš | =šmaš | =2PL.DAT | =šmaš | =2PL.DAT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.12, p. 135.
Third person.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =aš | =aš | =3SG.NOM.C | =aš | =3SG.NOM.C |
| =an | =an | =3SG.ACC.C | =an | =3SG.ACC.C |
| =at | =at | =3SG.NOM/ACC.N | =at | =3SG.NOM/ACC.N |
| =ši | =ši | =3SG.DAT | =ši | =3SG.DAT |
| =e | =e | =3PL.NOM.C | =e | =3PL.NOM.C |
| =at | =at | =3PL.NOM.C | =at | =3PL.NOM.C |
| =uš | =uš | =3PL.ACC.C | =uš | =3PL.ACC.C |
| =aš | =aš | =3PL.ACC.C | =aš | =3PL.ACC.C |
| =e | =e | =3PL.NOM/ACC.N | =e | =3PL.NOM/ACC.N |
| =at | =at | =3PL.NOM/ACC.N | =at | =3PL.NOM/ACC.N |
| =šmaš | =šmaš | =3PL.DAT | =šmaš | =3PL.DAT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.12, p. 135.
Enclitic Possessive Pronouns
In Hittite enclitic possessive pronouns could be suffixed to a noun to express possession. In these instances both the noun and the enclitic possessive pronoun are declined and they agree in number, gender, and case. See Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §6.1 (p. 137), §6.5 (p. 139).
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =miš | =miš | =1SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C | =m-iš | =1SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C |
| =man | =man | =1SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C | =m-an | =1SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C |
| =met | =met | =1SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N | =m-et | =1SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| =mi | =mi | =1SG.POSS:VOC.SG | =m-i | =1SG.POSS-VOC.SG |
| =maš | =maš | =1SG.POSS:GEN.SG | =m-aš | =1SG.POSS-GEN.SG |
| =mi | =mi | =1SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG | =m-i | =1SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG |
| =ma | =ma | =1SG.POSS:ALL.SG | =m-a | =1SG.POSS-ALL.SG |
| =mit | =mit | =1SG.POSS:ABL/INS | =m-it | =1SG.POSS-ABL/INS |
| =miš | =miš | =1SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C | =m-iš | =1SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C |
| =muš | =muš | =1SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C | =m-uš | =1SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C |
| =met | =met | =1SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N | =m-et | =1SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| =man | =man | =1SG.POSS:GEN.PL | =m-an | =1SG.POSS-GEN.PL |
| =tiš | =tiš | =2SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C | =t-iš | =2SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C |
| =tan | =tan | =2SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C | =t-an | =2SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C |
| =tet | =tet | =2SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N | =t-et | =2SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| =taš | =taš | =2SG.POSS:GEN.SG | =t-aš | =2SG.POSS-GEN.SG |
| =ti | =ti | =2SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG | =t-i | =2SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG |
| =ta | =ta | =2SG.POSS:ALL.SG | =t-a | =2SG.POSS-ALL.SG |
| =tit | =tit | =2SG.POSS:ABL/INS | =t-it | =2SG.POSS-ABL/INS |
| =tiš | =tiš | =2SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C | =t-iš | =2SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C |
| =tuš | =tuš | =2SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C | =t-uš | =2SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C |
| =taš | =taš | =2SG.POSS:DATLOC.PL | =t-aš | =2SG.POSS-DATLOC.PL |
| =šiš | =šiš | =3SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C | =š-iš | =3SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C |
| =šan | =šan | =3SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C | =š-an | =3SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C |
| =šet | =šet | =3SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N | =š-et | =3SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| =šaš | =šaš | =3SG.POSS:GEN.SG | =š-aš | =3SG.POSS-GEN.SG |
| =ši | =ši | =3SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG | =š-i | =3SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG |
| =ša | =ša | =3SG.POSS:ALL.SG | =š-a | =3SG.POSS-ALL.SG |
| =šet | =šet | =3SG.POSS:ABL/INS | =š-et | =3SG.POSS-ABL/INS |
| =šiš | =šiš | =3SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C | =š-iš | =3SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C |
| =šuš | =šuš | =3SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C | =š-uš | =3SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C |
| =šet | =šet | =3SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N | =š-et | =3SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| =šaš | =šaš | =3SG.POSS:DATLOC.PL | =š-aš | =3SG.POSS-DATLOC.PL |
| =šummiš | =šummiš | =1PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C | =šumm-iš | =1PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C |
| =šumman | =šumman | =1PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C | =šumm-an | =1PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C |
| =šummet | =šummet | =1PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N | =šumm-et | =1PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| =šum[mi] | =šum[mi] | =1PL.POSS:VOC.SG | =šum[m-i] | =1PL.POSS-VOC.SG |
| =šummaš | =šummaš | =1PL.POSS:GEN.SG | =šumm-aš | =1PL.POSS-GEN.SG |
| =šummi | =šummi | =1PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG | =šumm-i | =1PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG |
| =šummiš | =šummiš | =1PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C | =šumm-iš | =1PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C |
| =šummuš | =šummuš | =1PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C | =šumm-uš | =1PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C |
| =šumet | =šumet | =1PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N | =šum-et | =1PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| =šmiš | =šmiš | =2PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C | =šm-iš | =2PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C |
| =šman | =šman | =2PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C | =šm-an | =2PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C |
| =šmet | =šmet | =2PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N | =šm-et | =2PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| =šmi | =šmi | =2PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG | =šm-i | =2PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG |
| =šmit | =šmit | =2PL.POSS:ABL/INS | =šm-it | =2PL.POSS-ABL/INS |
| =šmeš | =šmeš | =2PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C | =šm-eš | =2PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C |
| =šmuš | =šmuš | =2PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C | =šm-uš | =2PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C |
| =šmiš | =šmiš | =3PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C | =šm-iš | =3PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C |
| =šman | =šman | =3PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C | =šm-an | =3PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C |
| =šmet | =šmet | =3PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N | =šm-et | =3PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| =šmi | =šmi | =3PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG | =šm-i | =3PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG |
| =šmit | =šmit | =3PL.POSS:ABL/INS | =šm-it | =3PL.POSS-ABL/INS |
| =šmeš | =šmeš | =3PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C | =šm-eš | =3PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C |
| =šmuš | =šmuš | =3PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C | =šm-uš | =3PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C |
| =šmet | =šmet | =3PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N | =šm-et | =3PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N |
See for these and variant forms, Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §6.4, pp. 138f.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Proximal demonstrative pronoun kā- ‘this’.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kāš | kāš | this.DEM:NOM.SG.C | kā-š | this.DEM-NOM.SG.C |
| kūn | kūn | this.DEM:ACC.SG.C | kū-n | this.DEM-ACC.SG.C |
| kī | kī | this.DEM.NOM/ACC.SG.N | kī | this.DEM.NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| kēl | kēl | this.DEM:GEN.SG | k-ēl | this.DEM-GEN.SG |
| kēdani | kēdani | this.DEM:DATLOC.SG | k-ēdani | this.DEM-DATLOC.SG |
| kez | kez | this.DEM:ABL | ke-z | this.DEM-ABL |
| kēdanda | kēdanda | this.DEM:INS | k-ēdanda | this.DEM-INS |
| kēt | kēt | this.DEM:INS | k-ēt | this.DEM-INS |
| kē | kē | this.DEM.NOM.PL.C | kē | this.DEM.NOM.PL.C |
| kūš | kūš | this.DEM:ACC.PL.C | k-ūš | this.DEM-ACC.PL.C |
| kē | kē | this.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N | kē | this.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| kinzan | kinzan | this.DEM:GEN.PL | k-inzan | this.DEM-GEN.PL |
| kēdaš | kēdaš | this.DEM:DATLOC.PL | k-ēdaš | this.DEM-DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.3, p. 143.
Medial demonstrative pronoun apā- ‘that’.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| apāš | apāš | that.DEM:NOM.SG.C | apā-š | that.DEM-NOM.SG.C |
| apūn | apūn | that.DEM:ACC.SG.C | apū-n | that.DEM-ACC.SG.C |
| apāt | apāt | that.DEM:NOM/ACC.SG.N | apā-t | that.DEM-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| apēl | apēl | that.DEM:GEN.SG | ap-ēl | that.DEM-GEN.SG |
| apedani | apedani | that.DEM:DATLOC.SG | ap-edani | that.DEM-DATLOC.SG |
| apēz | apēz | that.DEM:ABL | apē-z | that.DEM-ABL |
| apedanda | apedanda | that.DEM:INS | ap-edanda | that.DEM-INS |
| apēt | apēt | that.DEM:INS | ap-ēt | that.DEM-INS |
| apē | apē | that.DEM.NOM.PL.C | apē | that.DEM.NOM.PL.C |
| apūš | apūš | that.DEM:ACC.PL.C | ap-ūš | that.DEM-ACC.PL.C |
| apē | apē | that.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N | apē | that.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| apenzan | apenzan | that.DEM:GEN.PL | ap-enzan | that.DEM-GEN.PL |
| apēdaš | apēdaš | that.DEM:DATLOC.PL | ap-ēdaš | that.DEM-DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.3, p. 143.
Demonstrative pronoun aši, uni, ini.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aši | aši | DEM.NOM.SG.C | aši | DEM.NOM.SG.C |
| uni | uni | DEM.ACC.SG.C | uni | DEM.ACC.SG.C |
| ini | ini | DEM.NOM/ACC.N | ini | DEM.NOM/ACC.N |
| edani | edani | DEM.DATLOC | edani | DEM.DATLOC |
| edezza | edezza | DEM.ABL | edezza | DEM.ABL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.11, p. 145.
Interrogative and Relative Pronoun
In Hittite kui- ‘who, which’ functions both as interrogative pronoun and as relative pronoun.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kuiš | kuiš | who:NOM.SG.C | kui-š | who-NOM.SG.C |
| kuin | kuin | who:ACC.SG.C | kui-n | who-ACC.SG.C |
| kuit | kuit | who:NOM/ACC.SG.N | kui-t | who-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| kuēl | kuēl | who:GEN.SG | ku-ēl | who-GEN.SG |
| kuedani | kuedani | who:DATLOC.SG | ku-edani | who-DATLOC.SG |
| kuēz | kuēz | who:ABL | kuē-z | who-ABL |
| kuiēš | kuiēš | who:NOM.PL.C | kui-ēš | who-NOM.PL.C |
| kuiuš | kuiuš | who:ACC.PL.C | kui-uš | who-ACC.PL.C |
| kue | kue | who.NOM/ACC.PL.N | kue | who.NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| kuedaš | kuedaš | who:DATLOC.PL | ku-edaš | who-DATLOC.PL |
Indefinite Pronoun
The indefinite pronoun kuiški ‘some(one), any(one)’ is based on the inflected kui- (see #Interrogative and Relative Pronoun above) to which a particle -kki/-kka is suffixed.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kuiški | kuiški | someone:NOM.SG.C | kui-š-ki | someone-NOM.SG.C-PTCL |
| kuinki | kuinki | someone:ACC.SG.C | kui-n-ki | someone-ACC.SG.C-PTCL |
| kuitki | kuitki | someone:NOM/ACC.SG.N | kui-t-ki | someone-NOM/ACC.SG.N-PTCL |
| kuēlka | kuēlka | someone:GEN.SG | ku-ēl-ka | someone-GEN.SG-PTCL |
| kuedanikki | kuedanikki | someone:DATLOC.SG | ku-edani-kki | someone-DATLOC.SG-PTCL |
| kuezka | kuezka | someone:ABL/INS | kue-z-ka | someone-ABL/INS-PTCL |
| kuiēška | kuiēška | someone:NOM.PL.C | kui-ēš-ka | someone-NOM.PL.C-PTCL |
| kuiušga | kuiušga | someone:ACC.PL.C | kui-uš-ga | someone-ACC.PL.C-PTCL |
| kuēkka | kuēkka | someone.NOM/ACC.PL.N | kuē-kka | someone.NOM/ACC.PL.N-PTCL |
| kuedaška | kuedaška | someone:DATLOC.PL | ku-edaš-ka | someone-DATLOC.PL-PTCL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.3, p. 150.
Distributive Pronoun
The distributive pronoun kuišša ‘each, every’ is based on the inflected kui- (see #Interrogative and Relative Pronoun above) to which the conjunction -a/-ya ‘also, and’ is suffixed.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kuišša | kuišša | each:NOM.SG.C | kui-šš-a | each-NOM.SG.C-CNJ |
| kuinna | kuinna | each:ACC.SG.C | kui-nn-a | each-ACC.SG.C-CNJ |
| kuitta | kuitta | each:NOM/ACC.SG.N | kui-tt-a | each-NOM/ACC.SG.N-CNJ |
| kuella | kuella | each:GEN.SG | ku-ell-a | each-GEN.SG-CNJ |
| kuedaniya | kuedaniya | each:DATLOC.SG | ku-edani-ya | each-DATLOC.SG-CNJ |
| kuezziya | kuezziya | each:ABL/INS | kue-zz-iya | each-ABL/INS-CNJ |
| kuiušša | kuiušša | each:ACC.PL.C | kui-ušš-a | each-ACC.PL.C-CNJ |
| kuedašša | kuedašša | each:DATLOC.PL | ku-edašš-a | each-DATLOC.PL-CNJ |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.3, p. 150.
Adjective with Pronominal Inflection: tamai- ‘other’
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tamaiš | tamaiš | other:NOM.SG.C | tamai-š | other-NOM.SG.C |
| tamain | tamain | other:ACC.SG.C | tamai-n | other-ACC.SG.C |
| tamai | tamai | other.NOM/ACC.SG.N | tamai | other.NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| damēl | damēl | other:GEN.SG | dam-ēl | other-GEN.SG |
| damedani | damedani | other:DATLOC.SG | dam-edani | other-DATLOC.SG |
| tamatta | tamatta | other:ALL.SG | tama-tta | other-ALL.SG |
| tamedaz | tamedaz | other:ABL | tam-edaz | other-ABL |
| tamaēš | tamaēš | other:NOM.PL.C | tama-ēš | other-NOM.PL.C |
| tamāuš | tamāuš | other:ACC.PL.C | tamā-uš | other-ACC.PL.C |
| tamai | tamai | other.NOM/ACC.PL.N | tamai | other.NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| damedaš | damedaš | other:DATLOC/PL | dam-edaš | other-DATLOC/PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.10, p. 152.
Nouns and Adjectives
Hittite shows many different nominal stems. Below, the noun and adjective declensions of the a-stem and the i-stem, as well as a selection of other stems are presented. Hoffner & Melchert (2008: chapter 4) present the paradigms of all nominal stems. See for the basic scheme of noun and adjective endings in Hittite Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §3.14, pp. 69f.
a-Stem
Common Gender a-Stem Nouns
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| antuḫšaš | antuḫšaš | man:C.NOM.SG | antuḫša-š | man-C.NOM.SG |
| antuḫšan | antuḫšan | man:C.ACC.SG | antuḫša-n | man-C.ACC.SG |
| antuḫšaš | antuḫšaš | man.C:GEN.SG | antuḫš-aš | man.C-GEN.SG |
| antuḫši | antuḫši | man.C:DATLOC.SG | antuḫš-i | man.C-DATLOC.SG |
| antuḫšaz | antuḫšaz | man.C:ABL | antuḫš-az | man.C-ABL |
| antuḫšet | antuḫšet | man.C:INS | antuḫš-et | man.C-INS |
| antuḫšeš | antuḫšeš | man:C.NOM.PL | antuḫš-eš | man-C.NOM.PL |
| antuḫšuš | antuḫšuš | man:C.ACC.PL | antuḫš-uš | man-C.ACC.PL |
| antuḫšaš | antuḫšaš | man.C:GEN.PL | antuḫš-aš | man.C-GEN.PL |
| antuḫšaš | antuḫšaš | man.C:DATLOC.PL | antuḫš-aš | man.C-DATLOC.PL |
For these and other forms of antuwaḫḫa-/antuḫša- ‘man, human being, person’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, pp.79f. and Kloekhorst 2008: 188f.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| attaš | attaš | father:C.NOM.SG | atta-š | father-C.NOM.SG |
| attan | attan | father:C.ACC.SG | atta-n | father-C.ACC.SG |
| atta | atta | father.C.VOC.SG | atta | father.C.VOC.SG |
| attaš | attaš | father.C:GEN.SG | att-aš | father.C-GEN.SG |
| atti | atti | father.C:DATLOC.SG | att-i | father.C-DATLOC.SG |
| attaz | attaz | father.C:ABL | att-az | father.C-ABL |
| attiēš | attiēš | father:C.NOM.PL | att-iēš | father-C.NOM.PL |
| attuš | attuš | father:C.ACC.PL | att-uš | father-C.ACC.PL |
| addaš | addaš | father.C:GEN.PL | add-aš | father.C-GEN.PL |
| addaš | addaš | father.C:DATLOC.PL | add-aš | father.C-DATLOC.PL |
For these and other forms of atta- ‘father’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, pp.79f. and Kloekhorst 2008: 225.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| arunaš | arunaš | sea:C.NOM.SG | aruna-š | sea-C.NOM.SG |
| arunan | arunan | sea:C.ACC.SG | aruna-n | sea-C.ACC.SG |
| arunaš | arunaš | sea.C:GEN.SG | arun-aš | sea.C-GEN.SG |
| aruni | aruni | sea.C:DATLOC.SG | arun-i | sea.C-DATLOC.SG |
| aruna | aruna | sea.C:ALL.SG | arun-a | sea.C-ALL.SG |
| arunaz | arunaz | sea.C:ABL | arun-az | sea.C-ABL |
| arunuš | arunuš | sea:C.ACC.PL | arun-uš | sea-C.ACC.PL |
| arunaš | arunaš | sea.C:GEN.PL | arun-aš | sea.C-GEN.PL |
For these and other forms of aruna- ‘sea’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, p.81 and Kloekhorst 2008: 212.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lālaš | lālaš | tongue:C.NOM.SG | lāla-š | tongue-C.NOM.SG |
| lālan | lālan | tongue:C.ACC.SG | lāla-n | tongue-C.ACC.SG |
| lāli | lāli | tongue.C:VOC.SG | lāl-i | tongue.C-VOC.SG |
| lālaš | lālaš | tongue.C:GEN.SG | lāl-aš | tongue.C-GEN.SG |
| lāli | lāli | tongue.C:DATLOC.SG | lāl-i | tongue.C-DATLOC.SG |
| lālaza | lālaza | tongue.C:ABL | lāl-aza | tongue.C-ABL |
| lālit | lālit | tongue.C:INS | lāl-it | tongue.C-INS |
| lāleš | lāleš | tongue:C.NOM.PL | lāl-eš | tongue-C.NOM.PL |
| lāluš | lāluš | tongue:C.ACC.PL | lāl-uš | tongue-C.ACC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, p. 81.
Neuter a-Stem Nouns
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pēdan | pēdan | place:N.NOM/ACC.SG | pēda-n | place-N.NOM/ACC.SG |
| pēdaš | pēdaš | place.N:GEN.SG | pēd-aš | place.N-GEN.SG |
| pēdi | pēdi | place.N:DATLOC.SG | pēd-i | place.N-DATLOC.SG |
| pēdaz | pēdaz | place.N:ABL | pēd-az | place.N-ABL |
| peda | peda | place.N.NOM/ACC.N | peda | place.N.NOM/ACC.N |
| pēdaš | pēdaš | place.N:GEN.PL | pēd-aš | place.N-GEN.PL |
| pēdaš | pēdaš | place.N:DATLOC.PL | pēd-aš | place.N-DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.6, p. 82 and Kloekhorst 2008: 672.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| yugan | yugan | yoke:N.NOM/ACC.SG | yuga-n | yoke-N.NOM/ACC.SG |
| yugaš | yugaš | yoke.N:GEN.SG | yug-aš | yoke.N-GEN.SG |
| yuki | yuki | yoke.N:DATLOC.PL | yuk-i | yoke.N-DATLOC.PL |
| yukit | yukit | yoke.N:INS | yuk-it | yoke.N-INS |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.6, p. 82 and Kloekhorst: 2008: 423.
a-Stem Adjectives
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| alwanzenaš | alwanzenaš | bewitching.ADJ:NOM.SG.C | alwanzena-š | bewitching.ADJ-NOM.SG.C |
| alwanzenan | alwanzenan | bewitching.ADJ:ACC.SG.C | alwanzena-n | bewitching.ADJ-ACC.SG.C |
| alwanzenan | alwanzenan | bewitching.ADJ:NOM/ACC.SG.N | alwanzena-n | bewitching.ADJ-NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| alwanzenaš | alwanzenaš | bewitching.ADJ:GEN.SG | alwanzen-aš | bewitching.ADJ-GEN.SG |
| alwanzeni | alwanzeni | bewitching.ADJ:DATLOC.SG | alwanzen-i | bewitching.ADJ-DATLOC.SG |
| alwanzena | alwanzena | bewitching.ADJ:ALL.SG | alwanzen-a | bewitching.ADJ-ALL.SG |
| alwanzenaz | alwanzenaz | bewitching.ADJ:ABL | alwanzena-z | bewitching.ADJ-ABL |
| alwanzenit | alwanzenit | bewitching.ADJ:INS | alwanzen-it | bewitching.ADJ-INS |
| alwaneneš | alwaneneš | bewitching.ADJ:NOM.PL.C | alwanen-eš | bewitching.ADJ-NOM.PL.C |
| alwanzenuš | alwanzenuš | bewitching.ADJ:ACC.PL.C | alwanzen-uš | bewitching.ADJ-ACC.PL.C |
| alwanzena | alwanzena | bewitching.ADJ.NOM/ACC.PL.N | alwanzena | bewitching.ADJ.NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| alwanzenaš | alwanzenaš | bewitching.ADJ:GEN.PL | alwanzen-aš | bewitching.ADJ-GEN.PL |
| alwanzenaš | alwanzenaš | bewitching.ADJ:DATLOC.PL | alwanzen-aš | bewitching.ADJ-DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.10, p. 84.
i-Stem
Common Gender i-Stem Nouns
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ḫalkiš | ḫalkiš | grain:C.NOM.SG | ḫalki-š | grain-C.NOM.SG |
| ḫalkin | ḫalkin | grain:C.ACC.SG | ḫalki-n | grain-C.ACC.SG |
| ḫalkiaš | ḫalkiaš | grain.C:GEN.SG | ḫalki-aš | grain.C-GEN.SG |
| ḫalki | ḫalki | grain.C:DATLOC.SG | ḫalk-i | grain.C-DATLOC.SG |
| ḫalkiyaza | ḫalkiyaza | grain.C:ABL | ḫalkiy-aza | grain.C-ABL |
| ḫalkit | ḫalkit | grain.C:INS | ḫalk-it | grain.C-INS |
| ḫalkiēš | ḫalkiēš | grain:C.NOM.PL | ḫalki-ēš | grain-C.NOM.PL |
| ḫalkiuš | ḫalkiuš | grain:C.ACC.PL | ḫalki-uš | grain-C.ACC.PL |
| ḫalkiaš | ḫalkiaš | grain.C:GEN.PL | ḫalki-aš | grain.C-GEN.PL |
| ḫalkiaš | ḫalkiaš | grain.C:DATLOC.PL | ḫalki-aš | grain.C-DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.23, p. 88.
Neuter i-Stem Nouns
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tuppi | tuppi | clay_tablet.N.NOM/ACC.SG | tuppi | clay_tablet.N.NOM/ACC.SG |
| tuppianza | tuppianza | clay_tablet.N:ANIM:C.NOM.SG | tuppi-an-za | clay_tablet.N-ANIM-C.NOM.SG |
| tuppiaš | tuppiaš | clay_tablet.N:GEN.SG | tuppi-aš | clay_tablet.N-GEN.SG |
| tuppi | tuppi | clay_tablet.N:DATLOC.SG | tupp-i | clay_tablet.N-DATLOC.SG |
| tuppiaz | tuppiaz | clay_tablet.N:ABL | tuppi-az | clay_tablet.N-ABL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.24, p. 90. One often finds the form tuppianza referred to as an ergative (ERG) (e.g. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §3.8, §3.21), which is somewhat misleading. The ending -anza is not an actual case ending. In fact, Hittite does not have an ergative case at all, even though one often finds the term in the literature. In Hittite, a neuter noun cannot function as the subject of a transitive verb. In case it was necessary that a neuter noun functioned as the subject of a transitive verb, the noun was “animatized” by attaching the suffix -ant- to the stem of the noun. This suffix transforms the gender of the noun from neuter into common gender. Additionally, the common gender nominative case ending is attached (Kloekhorst 2008:184f.). Thus, tuppianza it is an “animatized” form of the neuter tuppi- ‘clay tablet’ and contains both the suffix -ant- and the case ending of the common gender nominative singular -š. The gloss suggested above uses ANIM for the “animatizing” suffix -ant-.
i-Stem Adjectives
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| karūiliš | karūiliš | old.ADJ:NOM.SG.C | karūili-š | old.ADJ:NOM.SG.C |
| karūilin | karūilin | old.ADJ:ACC.SG.C | karūili-n | old.ADJ:ACC.SG.C |
| karūili | karūili | old.ADJ.NOM/ACC.SG.N | karūili | old.ADJ.NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| karūiliyaš | karūiliyaš | old.ADJ:GEN.SG | karūiliy-aš | old.ADJ:GEN.SG |
| karūili | karūili | old.ADJ:DATLOC.SG | karūil-i | old.ADJ:DATLOC.SG |
| karūiliyaz | karūiliyaz | old.ADJ:ABL | karūiliy-az | old.ADJ:ABL |
| karūi[li]t | karūilit | old.ADJ:INS | karūil-it | old.ADJ:INS |
| karūilieš | karūilieš | old.ADJ:NOM.PL.C | karūili-eš | old.ADJ:NOM.PL.C |
| karūiliuš | karūiliuš | old.ADJ:ACC.PL.C | karūili-uš | old.ADJ:ACC.PL.C |
| karūila | karūila | old.ADJ:NOM/ACC.PL.N | karūil-a | old.ADJ:NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| karūiliyaš | karūiliyaš | old.ADJ:DATLOC.PL | karūiliy-aš | old.ADJ:DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.38, p.96.
Selected Stems
ul-Stem
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| waštul | waštul | offense.NOM/ACC.SG.N | waštul | offense.NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| waštulaš | waštulaš | offense.N:GEN.SG | waštul-aš | offense.N-GEN.SG |
| wašduli | wašduli | offense.N:DATLOC.SG | wašdul-i | offense.N-DATLOC.SG |
| waštullaz | waštullaz | offense.N:ABL | waštull-az | offense.N-ABL |
| wašdulit | wašdulit | offense.N:INS | wašdul-it | offense.N-INS |
| waštul | waštul | offense.NOM/ACC.PL.N | waštul | offense.NOM/ACC.PL.N |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.66, p. 108.
Neuter n-Stem Noun with Ablaut
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tēkan | tēkan | earth.NOM/ACCC.SG.N | tēkan | earth.NOM/ACCC.SG.N |
| taknaš | taknaš | earth.N:GEN.SG | takn-aš | earth.N-GEN.SG |
| taknī | taknī | earth.N:DATLOC.SG | takn-ī | earth.N-DATLOC.SG |
| taknā | taknā | earth.N:ALL | takn-ā | earth.N-ALL |
| taknāz | taknāz | earth.N:ABL | takn-āz | earth.N-ABL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §471, p. 110.
r/n-Stem
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uttar | uttar | word.NOM/ACC.SG.N | uttar | word.NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| uddananza | uddananza | word.N:ANIM:NOM.SG.C | uddan-an-za | word.N-ANIM-NOM.SG.C |
| uddanaš | uddanaš | word.N:GEN.SG | uddan-aš | word.N-GEN.SG |
| uddani | uddani | word.N:DATLOC.SG | uddan-i | word.N-DATLOC.SG |
| uddanaz | uddanaz | word.N:ABL | uddan-az | word.N-ABL |
| uddanit | uddanit | word.N:INS | uddan-it | word.N-INS |
| uttār | uttār | word.NOM/ACC.SG.N | uttār | word.NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| uttanānteš | uttanānteš | word.N:ANIM:NOM.PL.C | uttan-ānt-eš | word.N-ANIM-NOM.PL.C |
| uddanaš | uddanaš | word.N:GEN.PL | uddan-aš | word.N-GEN.PL |
| uddanāš | uddanāš | word.N:DATLOC.PL | uddan-āš | word.N-DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.101, pp. 124f.
nt-Stem Adjective
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ḫūmanza | ḫūmanza | all:NOM.SG.C | ḫūman-za | all-NOM.SG.C |
| ḫūmandan | ḫūmandan | all:ACC.SG.C | ḫūmand-an | all-ACC.SG.C |
| ḫūman | ḫūman | all.NOM/ACC.SG.N | ḫūman | all.NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| ḫūmandaš | ḫūmandaš | all:GEN.SG | ḫūmand-aš | all-GEN.SG |
| ḫūmanti | ḫūmanti | all:DATLOC.SG | ḫūmant-i | all-DATLOC.SG |
| ḫūmandaz | ḫūmandaz | all:ABL | ḫūmand-az | all-ABL |
| ḫūmantit | ḫūmantit | all:INS | ḫūmant-it | all-INS |
| ḫūmanteš | ḫūmanteš | all:NOM.PL.C | ḫūmant-eš | all-NOM.PL.C |
| ḫūmanduš | ḫūmanduš | all:ACC.PL.C | ḫūmand-uš | all-ACC.PL.C |
| ḫūmanta | ḫūmanta | all:NOM/ACC.PL.N | ḫūmant-a | all-NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| ḫūmandaš | ḫūmandaš | all:GEN.PL | ḫūmand-aš | all-GEN.PL |
| ḫūmandaš | ḫūmandaš | all:DATLOC.PL | ḫūmand-aš | all-DATLOC.PL |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.98, p. 123.
Verbs
Finite Forms
mi-Verbs Present Indicative Active
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| walḫmi | walḫmi | strike:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT | walḫ-mi | strike-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| walḫši | walḫši | strike:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT | walḫ-ši | strike-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| walḫzi | walḫzi | strike:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT | walḫ-zi | strike-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| walḫueni | walḫueni | strike:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT | walḫ-ueni | strike-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
| walḫteni | walḫteni | strike:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT | walḫ-teni | strike-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
| walḫanzi | walḫanzi | strike:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT | walḫ-anzi | strike-3PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.8, pp. 191f.
mi-Verbs Preterite Indicative Active
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| walḫun | walḫun | strike:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT | walḫ-un | strike-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| walḫta | walḫta | strike:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT | walḫ-ta | strike-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| walḫta | walḫta | strike:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT | walḫ-ta | strike-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| walḫuen | walḫuen | strike:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT | walḫ-uen | strike-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
| walḫten | walḫten | strike:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT | walḫ-ten | strike-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
| walḫer | walḫer | strike:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT | walḫ-er | strike-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.8, p. 192.
mi-Verbs Imperative Active
The gloss IMP ‘imperative’ for forms of the first person follows Hittitological convention. One may also gloss these first person forms according to their function in the sentence as voluntative (VOL), cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §23.4, p. 313.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ašallu | ašallu | be:1SG.IMP.ACT | aš-allu | be:1SG.IMP.ACT |
| ēš | ēš | be:2SG.IMP.ACT | ēš | be.2SG.IMP.ACT |
| ēšdu | ēšdu | be:3SG.IMP.ACT | ēš-du | be:3SG.IMP.ACT |
| ēšten | ēšten | be:2PL.IMP.ACT | ēš-ten | be:2PL.IMP.ACT |
| ašandu | ašandu | be:3PL.IMP.ACT | aš-andu | be:3PL.IMP.ACT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.3. p. 189 and Kloekhorst 2008: 250.
ḫi-Verbs Present Indicative Active
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| šākḫi | šākḫi | know:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT | šāk-ḫi | know-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| šakti | šakti | know:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT | šak-ti | know-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| šakki | šakki | know:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT | šakk-i | know-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| šekkueni | šekkueni | know:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT | šekk-ueni | know-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
| šakteni | šakteni | know:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT | šak-teni | know-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
| šakanzi | šakanzi | know:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT | šak-anzi | know:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 214.
ḫi-Verbs Preterite Indicative Active
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| šaggaḫḫun | šaggaḫḫun | know:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT | šagg-aḫḫun | know-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| šākta | šākta | know:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT | šāk-ta | know-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| šakkiš | šakkiš | know:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT | šakki-š | know-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| šekkuen | šekkuen | know:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT | šekk-uen | know-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
| ākten | ākten | die:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT | āk-ten | die-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
| šekker | šekker | know:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT | šekk-er | know-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 215.
ḫi-Verbs Imperative Active
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| šeggallu | šeggallu | know:1SG.IMP.ACT | šegg-allu | know-1SG.IMP.ACT |
| šāk | šāk | know.2SG.IMP.ACT | šāk | know-2SG.IMP.ACT |
| šakdu | šakdu | know:3SG.IMP.ACT | šak-du | know-3SG.IMP.ACT |
| šekten | šekten | know:2PL.IMP.ACT | šek-ten | know-2PL.IMP.ACT |
| šekkandu | šekkandu | know:3PL.IMP.ACT | šekk-andu | know-3PL.IMP.ACT |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 216.
Present Indicative Medio-Passive
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| paḫḫašḫa | paḫḫašḫa | protect:1SG.PRS.IND.MEDP | paḫḫaš-ḫa | protect-1SG.PRS.IND.MEDP |
| paḫḫašta | paḫḫašta | protect:2SG.PRS.IND.MEDP | paḫḫaš-ta | protect-2SG.PRS.IND.MEDP |
| paḫḫšari | paḫḫšari | protect:3SG.PRS.IND.MEDP | paḫš-ari | protect-3SG.PRS.IND.MEDP |
| paḫšuwašta | paḫšuwašta | protect:1PL.PRS.IND.MEDP | paḫš-uwašta | protect-1PL.PRS.IND.MEDP |
| paḫḫašduma | paḫḫašduma | protect:2PL.PRS.IND.MEDP | paḫḫaš-duma | protect-2PL.PRS.IND.MEDP |
| paḫḫaššantari | paḫḫaššantari | protect:3PL.PRS.IND.MEDP | paḫḫašš-antari | protect-3PL.PRS.IND.MEDP |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 230.
Preterite Indicative Medio-Passive
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| arḫati | arḫati | stand:1SG.PRT.IND.MEDP | ar-ḫati | stand-1SG.PRT.IND.MEDP |
| artati | artati | stand:2SG.PRT.IND.MEDP | ar-tati | stand-2SG.PRT.IND.MEDP |
| artat | artat | stand:3SG.PRT.IND.MEDP | ar-tat | stand-3SG.PRT.IND.MEDP |
| arwaštat | arwaštat | stand:1PL.PRT.IND.MEDP | ar-waštat | stand-1PL.PRT.IND.MEDP |
| kišdummat | kišdummat | become:2PL.PRT.IND.MEDP | kiš-dummat | become-2PL.PRT.IND.MEDP |
| arantat | arantat | stand:3PL.PRT.IND.MEDP | ar-antat | stand-3PL.PRT.IND.MEDP |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 231.
Imperative Medio-Passive
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| arḫaḫaru | arḫaḫaru | stand:1SG.IMP.MEDP | ar-ḫaḫaru | stand-1SG.IMP.MEDP |
| arḫut | arḫut | stand:2SG.IMP.MEDP | ar-ḫut | stand-2SG.IMP.MEDP |
| artaru | artaru | stand:3SG.IMP.MEDP | ar-taru | stand-3SG.IMP.MEDP |
| ardumat | ardumat | stand:2PL.IMP.MEDP | ar-dumat | stand-2PL.IMP.MEDP |
| arantaru | arantaru | stand:3PL.IMP.MEDP | ar-antaru | stand-3PL.IMP.MEDP |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 231.
Imperfective -ške-
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| memiškimi | memiškimi | speak:IMPF:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT | memi-ški-mi | speak-IMPF-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| memiškiši | memiškiši | speak:IMPF:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT | memi-ški-ši | speak-IMPF-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| memiškizzi | memiškizzi | speak:IMPF:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT | memi-ški-zzi | speak-IMPF-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT |
| memiškiuwani | memiškiuwani | speak:IMPF:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT | memi-ški-uwani | speak-IMPF-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
| memiškiteni | memiškiteni | speak:IMPF:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT | memi-ški-teni | speak-IMPF-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
| memiškanzi | memiškanzi | speak:IMPF:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT | memi-šk-anzi | speak-IMPF-3PL.PRS.IND.ACT |
| memiškinun | memiškinun | speak:IMPF:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT | memi-ški-nun | speak-IMPF-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| memiškeš | memiškeš | speak:IMPF:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT | memi-ške-š | speak-IMPF-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| memiškit | memiškit | speak:IMPF:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT | memi-ški-t | speak-IMPF-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT |
| akkuškewani | akkuškewani | die:IMPF:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT | akku-ške-wani | die-IMPF-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
| memeškatten | memeškatten | speak:IMPF:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT | meme-ška-tten | speak-IMPF-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
| memiškir | memiškir | speak:IMPF:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT | memi-šk-ir | speak-IMPF-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT |
| memiški | memiški | speak:IMPF.2SG.IMP.ACT | memi-ški | speak-IMPF.2SG.IMP.ACT |
| memiškiddu | memiškiddu | speak:IMPF:3SG.IMP.ACT | memi-ški-ddu | speak-IMPF-3SG.IMP.ACT |
| memiškitten | memiškitten | speak:IMPF:2PL.IMP.ACT | memi-ški-tten | speak-IMPF-2PL.IMP.ACT |
| memiškandu | memiškandu | speak:IMPF:3PL.IMP.ACT | memi-šk-andu | speak-IMPF-3PL.IMP.ACT |
Cf. CHD L-M: p. 255 and Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.33, p. 205.
Non-Finite Forms
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| eppuwanzi | eppuwanzi | take:INFI | epp-uwanzi | take-INFI |
| appanna | appanna | take:INFII | app-anna | take-INFII |
| walḫuwanzi | walḫuwanzi | strike:INFI | walḫ-uwanzi | strike-INFI |
| walḫuwan | walḫuwan | strike:SUP | walḫ-uwan | strike-SUP |
| memiškiuwan | memiškiuwan | speak:IMPF:SUP | memi-ški-uwan | speak-IMPF-SUP |
Participle
The participle is formed by suffixing the morpheme -ant to the stem of the verb and a case ending. The participle is conjugated according to the paradigm of nt-stem adjectives, for which see #nt-Stem Adjective above. The morpheme -ant is glossed here as PTCP ‘participle’ since it is the morpheme that turns the verb into a participle. It should be noted, however, that this -ant is the same morpheme as is used to “animatize” a neuter noun in order enable it to function as the subject of a transitive verb, see #Neuter i-Stem Nouns above. In those so-called ergative forms the morpheme is glossed as ANIM “animatized” and one may consider to use the same gloss in participle forms.
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| walḫanza | walḫanza | strike:PTCP:NOM.SG.C | walḫ-an-za | strike-PTCP-NOM.SG.C |
| walḫantan | walḫantan | strike:PTCP:ACC.SG.C | walḫ-ant-an | strike-PTCP-ACC.SG.C |
| walḫan | walḫan | strike:PTCP.NOM/ACC.SG.N | walḫ-an | strike-PTCP.NOM/ACC.SG.N |
| walḫantaš | walḫantaš | strike:PTCP:GEN.SG | walḫ-ant-aš | strike-PTCP-GEN.SG |
| walḫanti | walḫanti | strike:PTCP:DATLOC.SG | walḫ-ant-i | strike-PTCP-DATLOC.SG |
| walḫantaz | walḫantaz | strike:PTCP:ABL | walḫ-ant-az | strike-PTCP-ABL |
| walḫanteš | walḫanteš | strike:PTCP:NOM.PL.C | walḫ-ant-eš | strike-PTCP-NOM.PL.C |
| walḫantuš | walḫantuš | strike:PTCP:ACC.PL.C | walḫ-ant-uš | strike-PTCP-ACC.PL.C |
| walḫanta | walḫanta | strike:PTCP:NOM/ACC.PL.N | walḫ-ant-a | strike-PTCP-NOM/ACC.PL.N |
| walḫantaš | walḫantaš | strike:PTCP:DATLOC.PL | walḫ-ant-aš | strike-PTCP-DATLOC.PL |
Negations, Particles and Conjuctions
| Traditional | Advanced | Expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| natta | natta | NEG | natta | NEG |
| nawi | nawi | not_yet.NEG | nawi | not_yet.NEG |
| lē | lē | NEG.PROH | lē | NEG.PROH |
| lē=man | lē=man | NEG=OPT.PTCL | lē=man | NEG=OPT.PTCL |
| nūman | nūman | NEG.OPT | nūman | NEG.OPT |
| nekku | nekku | NEG.Q | nekku | NEG.Q |
| =wa(r)= | =war= | =QUOT= | =war= | =QUOT= |
| =z(a) | =za | =REFL | =za | =REFL |
| =an | =an | =PTCL | =an | =PTCL |
| =apa | =apa | =PTCL | =apa | =PTCL |
| =ašta | =ašta | =PTCL | =ašta | =PTCL |
| =kan | =kan | =PTCL | =kan | =PTCL |
| =šan | =šan | =PTCL | =šan | =PTCL |
| =pat | =pat | =PTCL | =pat | =PTCL |
| man | man | OPT.PTCL | man | OPT.PTCL |
| man | man | POT.PTCL | man | POT.PTCL |
| man | man | IRR.PTCL | man | IRR.PTCL |
| nu | nu | CNJ | nu | CNJ |
| šu | šu | CNJ | šu | CNJ |
| ta | ta | CNJ | ta | CNJ |
| =a | =a | =CNJ | =a | =CNJ |
| =ma | =ma | =CNJ | =ma | =CNJ |
| =ya | =ya | =CNJ | =ya | =CNJ |
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008 Chapters 26, 28 and 29.
Bibliography
- Hoffner, H.A. and H.C. Melchert. 2008. A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 1: Reference Grammar, Languages of the Ancient Near East 1, Winona Lake, Indiana.
- Kloekhorst, A. 2008. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5, Leiden/Boston.
- CHD = H.G. Güterbock, H.A. Hoffner, et al. (eds.). 1980–... The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago.