Glossing Abbreviations
From Glossing Ancient Languages
Kernel abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Meaning | References |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | first person | LGR (2008) |
| 2 | second person | LGR (2008) |
| 3 | third person | LGR (2008) |
| A | agent-like argument of a canonical transitive verb |
Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008) |
| ABL | ablative | LGR (2008) |
| ABL | absolutive | LGR (2008) |
| ABSTR | abstract | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| ACC | accusative | LGR (2008) |
| ACT | active | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| ADJ | adjective | LGR (2008) |
| ADJZ | adjectivizer, adjectivization | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADJR; Shopen (2007: xvii): ADJ; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| ADV | adverb, adverbial | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008) |
| ADVZ | adverbializer, adverbialization | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADVR; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| AGR | agreement | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008) |
| AGT | agent marker | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| ALL | allative | LGR (2008) |
| ANT | anterior | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Binnick (2001: 559); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 54, 61, 78); Shopen (2007: xviii); Werning (2008) |
| ANTIP | antipassive | LGR (2008) |
| AOR | aorist | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| APPL | applicative | LGR (2008) |
| ART | article | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008) |
| ASP | aspect (grammatical) | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided” |
| ATT | attachment, attached | Werning (2012): ATTACHED; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): ATTD |
| ATTN | attention marker | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ATTEN[tuative]; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| AUX | auxiliary | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008) |
| BEN | benefactive | LGR (2008) |
| BS | base | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| C | communis (common gender) | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): COMM |
| CAUS | causative | LGR (2008) |
| CJVB | conjunctional verb | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| CIRC | circumstantial | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| CIRCF | circumference | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): CIRC |
| CLF | classifier | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008) |
| CNSV | consecutive | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): CONSEC; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| CNJ | conjunction | Bybee et al. (1994: xxi) |
| COLL | collective | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| COM | comitative | LGR (2008) |
| COMP | complementizer | LGR (2008) |
| COMPL | completive | LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 57): COMP; compare also: Boland (2006: 48) |
| COND | conditional | LGR (2008) |
| COP | copula | LGR (2008) |
| CORD | coordinating particle | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| CVB | converb | LGR (2008) |
| DAT | dative | LGR (2008) |
| DECL | declarative | LGR (2008) |
| DEF | definite | LGR (2008) |
| DEM | demonstrative | LGR (2008) |
| DET | determiner | LGR (2008) |
| DIST | distal | LGR (2008) |
| DISTR | distributive | LGR (2008) |
| DO | direct object | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xviii) |
| DIVN | divine name | |
| DU | dual | LGR (2008) |
| DUR | durative | LGR (2008) |
| ERG | ergative | LGR (2008) |
| ELAT | elative | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| EXCL | exclusive | LGR (2008) |
| EXLM | exclamative | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): EXCL; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| EXTR | exterior | Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi) |
| F | feminine | LGR (2008) |
| FOC | focus | LGR (2008) |
| FOCZ | focalizer, focalization | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| FUT | future | LGR (2008) |
| GEN | genitive | LGR (2008) |
| GODN | god or godess‘s name | Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): GN; cf. DIVN |
| GRND | ground | Shopen (2007: xix): G; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| HABIT | habitual | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| ILL | illative | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| IMP | imperative | LGR (2008) |
| IMPRS | impersonal | Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPR, IPS; Shopen (2007: xix): IMP |
| INESS | inessive | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| INCL | inclusive | LGR (2008) |
| INCHO | inchoative | Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): INCH |
| IND | indicative | LGR (2008) |
| INDF | indefinite | LGR (2008) |
| INF | infinitive | LGR (2008) |
| INFR | inferior | Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi) |
| INS | instrumental | LGR (2008) |
| INT | interior | |
| INTR | intransitive | LGR (2008) |
| IO | indirect object | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| IPFV | imperfective | LGR (2008); Comrie (1976: 25, 39); compare also: Werning (2008: 275); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): IMPF |
| IPRF | imperfect | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPF; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi) |
| IRR | irrealis | LGR (2008) |
| LOC | locative | LGR (2008) |
| M | masculine | LGR (2008) |
| MEDP | mediopassive | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): MP, MED |
| MELL | mellic | |
| MCM | main clause marker | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| MOD | modal, mode | Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) |
| MODP | modal particle | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) |
| N | neuter | LGR (2008) |
| N... | non- (e.g. NPST non-past) | LGR (2008); cf. below |
| NAM | name | |
| NEG | negation, negative | LGR (2008) |
| NMLZ | nominalizer, nominalization | LGR (2008); Shopen (2007: xx): NOMIN |
| NOM | nominative | LGR (2008) |
| OBJ | object | LGR (2008) |
| OBL | oblique | LGR (2008) |
| OBLG | obligative | Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): OBL[igation]; Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): OBLV |
| ORD | ordinal number | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| P | patient-like argument of a canonical transitive verb |
Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PAT “to be avoided”; LGR (2008) |
| PASS | passive | LGR (2008) |
| PFV | perfective | LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 54-55, 83): PERF; Dahl (1985: 78); Timberlake (2007: 304) |
| PL | plural | LGR (2008) |
| PLUPRF | pluperfect | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): PLUP; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi) |
| PN | personal name | Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi) |
| POST | posterior (relative tense) | Binnick (2001: 559); Werning (2008) |
| POSS | possessive | LGR (2008) |
| POSSED | possessed | |
| POSSOR | possessor | |
| POT | potential | Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi) |
| PRED | predicative | LGR (2008) |
| PREP | preposition | Bybee et al. (1994: xxii), Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided” |
| PRF | perfect | LGR (2008); Timberlake (2007: 304): PF |
| PROG | progressive | LGR (2008) |
| PROH | prohibitive | LGR (2008) |
| PROSP | prospective | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): PROS |
| PROX | proximal, proximate | LGR (2008) |
| PRS | present | LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): PRES |
| PRT | preterit | better use PST (Lehmann 2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| PST | past, preterit | LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 55, 82); Dahl (1985: 116-117): PAST; Timberlake (2007: 315) |
| PTCP | participle | LGR (2008) |
| PTCL | particle | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PTL “to be avoided”; Shopen (2007: xx): PART, PCL; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PURP | purposive | LGR (2008) |
| Q | question particle/marker | LGR (2008) |
| QUOT | quotative | LGR (2008) |
| RECP | reciprocal | LGR (2008) |
| REFL | reflexive | LGR (2008) |
| REL | relative | LGR (2008) |
| RES | resultative | LGR (2008) |
| S | single argument of a canonical intransitive verb |
LGR (2008) |
| SBJ | subject | LGR (2008) |
| SBJV | subjunctive | LGR (2008) |
| SBRD | subordinating particle | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): S[ubo]R[rdinator]; Shopen (2007: xxi): SUBORD; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| SIM | simultaneous (relative tense) | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi)) |
| SP | sentence particle | Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) |
| SG | singular | LGR (2008) |
| STABS | status absolutus | Schenkel (2005: 109/110, ch. 5.1.1.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| STAT | stative | Nedjalkov (2001: 928); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii); Shopen (2007: xxi): STV |
| STC | status constructus | Schenkel (2005: 109/110); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| STN | status nominalis | better use STC |
| STPR | status pronominalis | Schenkel (2005: 109/110) |
| SUPR | superior | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): SUP[er]ESS[ive]; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii) |
| TERM | terminative | Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) |
| THMZ | thematizer, thematization | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| TNS | tense | Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided” |
| TOP | topic | LGR (2008) |
| TOPN | toponym | Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): TN |
| TOPZ | topicalizer, topicalization | Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| TR | transitive | LGR (2008) |
| VOC | vocative | LGR (2008) |
Abbreviations of combinations of kernel abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Equivalent | References |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG; 1PL; 1DU 2SG; 2PL; 2DU 3SG; 3PL; 3DU |
1.SG; 1.PL; 1.DU 2.SG; 2.PL; 2.DU 3.SG; 3.PL; 3.DU |
LGR (2008: rule 5) |
| DATLOC | DAT/LOC | e.g. in Hittite (Kutscher & Werning forthc.: xxvii) |
| N... | NON. | LGR (2008: abbreviations), e.g. NPST = NON.PST |
| PA | PTCP.ACT | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PDA | PTCP.DISTR.ACT | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PDP | PTCP.DISTR.PASS | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PF | PTCP.FUT | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PIA | PTCP.IPFV.ACT | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PIP | PTCP.IPFV.PASS | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PP | PTCP.PASS | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| PPO | PTCP.POST | e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) |
| TA | TNS.ASP | Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii) |
| TAM | TNS.ASP.MOD | Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii) |
Bibliography
- Binnick, Robert I. (2001). Temporality and Aspectuality. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 557-567.
- Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca (1994). The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
- Comrie, Bernard (1976). Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Dahl, Östen (1985). Tense and Aspect Systems, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 17: 243–266.
- Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.) (2001). Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20, 2 vols., Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
- Klein, Wolfgang (1994). Time in Language, London & New York: Routledge.
- Kutscher, Silvia & Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (2014). On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages, Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.
- Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear morphemic glossing, in: Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas in cooperation with Wolfgang Kesselheim, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK) 17/2, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1834-1857. (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf)
- LGR (2008) = The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses, ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.
- Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (2001). Resultative Constructions. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 928-941.
- Schenkel, Wolfgang (2005). Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift, [6th rev. ed.], Tübingen: [W.Sch.].
- Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (2007). Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3., 2nd [rev.] ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Timberlake, Alan (2007). Aspect, Tense, Mood. In: Shopen (2007), 280-333.
- Werning, Daniel A. (2008). Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian sḏm.n=f. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 16, 261-292.