Editing Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms

What follows is a list of '''Earlier Egyptian''' (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing. 

Please contribute to the list or to the '''discussion of the glossing of specific forms'''.

== Grammatical forms ==
=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
===== ‘Suffix pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=j'' || {{TrSep}}j || :1SG || -j || -1SG 
|-
| ''=k'' || {{TrSep}}k || :2SG.M || -k || -2SG.M 
|-
| ''=ṯ / =t'' || {{TrSep}}ṯ || :2SG.F || -č || -2SG.F 
|-
| ''=f'' || {{TrSep}}f || :3SG.M || -f || -3SG.M 
|-
| ''=s'' || {{TrSep}}s || :3SG.F || -s || -3SG.F 
|-
| ''=n'' || {{TrSep}}n || :1PL || -n || -1PL 
|-
| ''=ṯn / =tn'' || {{TrSep}}ṯn || :2PL || -čn || -2PL 
|-
| ''=sn'' || {{TrSep}}sn || :3PL || -sn || -3PL 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian additionally''' 
|-
| ''=n(j) / =nj'' || {{TrSep}}nj || :1DU || -nj || -1DU
|-
| ''=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj'' || {{TrSep}}ṯnj || :2DU || -čnj || -2DU 
|-
| ''=sn(j) / =snj'' || {{TrSep}}snj || :3DU || -snj || -3DU 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Later Middle Egyptian additionally''' 
|-
| ''=tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :IMPRS || -tw || -IMPRS
|}

===== ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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|-
| ''wj'' || wj || 1SG || =w {{Orange|(!)}} || =1SG
|-
| ''ṯw / tw'' || ṯw || 2SG.M || =čw || =2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2SG.F || =čn || =2SG.F
|-
| ''sw'' || sw || 3SG.M || =sw || =3SG.M
|-
| ''s(j) / sï'' || sï || 3SG.F || =sï || =3SG.F
|-
| ''n'' || n || 1PL || =n || =1PL
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2PL || =čn || =2PL
|-
| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL
|-
| ''st'' || st || 3COLL || =st || =3COLL
|}

===== Independent personal pronouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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|-
| ''jnk'' || jnk || 1SG || jnk || 1SG
|-
| ''ntk'' || ntk || 2SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}k || 2SG.M 
|-
| ''ntṯ / ntt'' || ntṯ || 2SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}č || 2SG.F 
|-
| ''ntf'' || ntf || 3SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}f || 3SG.M 
|-
| ''nts'' || nts || 3SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}s || 3SG.F 
|-
| ''*jnn'' || jnn || 1PL || jnn || 1PL
|-
| ''ntn'' || ntn || 1PL || nt{{TrSep}}n || 1PL
|-
| ''ntṯn / nttn'' || ntṯn || 2PL || nt{{TrSep}}čn || 2PL 
|-
| ''ntsn'' || ntsn || 3PL || nt{{TrSep}}sn || 3PL 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian''' 
|-
| ''ṯwt'' || ṯwt || 2SG.M || čwt || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯmt'' || ṯmt || 2SG.F || čmt || 2SG.F
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG.M || swt || 3SG.M
|-
| ''stt'' || stt || 3SG.F || stt || 3SG.F 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian''' 
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || 2SG || čwt || 2SG
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG || swt || 3SG
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian''' 
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (2013). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0 Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review.] In: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), ''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. DOI/PID  21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0.</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" />
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || swt
|}

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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| colspan="5" | '''Neutral'''
|-
| ''pw'' || pw || this:M || pw || DEM:M.SG
|-
| ''tw'' || tw || this:F || tw || DEM:F.SG
|-
| ''nw'' || nw || this || nw || DEM:C
|-
| ''nw n(j)'' || nw_nï || these || nw_nï || DEM:PL
|-
| ''jpw'' || jpw || these:M || jpw || DEM.PL:M
|-
| ''jptw'' || jptw || these:F || jptw || DEM.PL:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (older form)'''
|-
| ''pn'' || pn || this:M || pn || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tn'' || tn || this:F || tn || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || this || nn || DEM.PROX:C 
|-
| ''nn n(j)'' || nn_nï || these || nn_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| ''jpn'' || jpn || these:M || jpn || DEM.PL:PROX:M
|-
| ''jptn'' || jptn || these:F || jptn || DEM.PL:PROX:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)'''
|-
| ''pꜣ'' || pꜣ || this:M || pꜣ || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tꜣ'' || tꜣ || this:F || tꜣ || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nꜣ'' || nꜣ || this || nꜣ || DEM.PROX:C 
|-
| ''nꜣ n(j)'' || nꜣ_nï || these || nꜣ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Distal'''
|-
| ''pf'' || pf || that:M || pf || DEM.DIST:M.SG
|-
| ''tf'' || tf || that:F || tf || DEM.DIST:F.SG
|-
| ''nf'' || nf || that || nf || DEM.DIST:C
|-
| ''nf n(j)'' || nf_nï || those || nf_nï || DEM.DIST:PL
|-
| ''jpf'' || jpf || those:M || jpf || DEM.PL:DIST:M
|-
| ''jptf'' || jptf || those:F || jptf || DEM.PL:DIST:F
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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| ''tꜣ'' || tꜣ || land.M || tꜣ || land(M)[SG]
|-
| ''tꜣ.w'' || tꜣ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜣ-w || land(M)-PL 
|-
| ''tꜣ.wï'' || tꜣ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜣ-wï || land(M)-DU
|-
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG] 
|-
| ''p.(w)t'' || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F.PL || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}}<!-- The 'w' is indeed inexistent in regular plurals; if present it is a (former) collective wtih the ending .wt; see below --> || sky:F:PL 
|-
| ''p.tï'' || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F.DU || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F:DU
|-
| ''jn.w'' || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M[SG] <br/>(''analytic'': bring:COLL.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.w'' || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M[SG] <br/>(''analytic'': circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG])
|-
| ''spr.w'' || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M[SG] <br/>(''analytic'': petition:AGT.M[SG])
|-
| ''wrḏ.w'' || wrḏ{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M || wrč̣{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M[SG] <br/>(''analytic'': weary:NMLZ.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.wt'' || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F[SG] <br/>(''analytic'': circumfer:COLL.F)
|-
| ''ḥz.wt'' || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F[SG] <br/>(''analytic'': praise:ABSTR.F)
|}

;FAQ: 
:''‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p{{TrSep}}t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’ 
:The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.''
;FAQ: 
:''‘Why does the glossing show the sequence <u>number–gender</u> in some cases, but <u>gender–number</u> in others?’'' 
:The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–<u>number–gender</u>) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (<u>gender–number</u>). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.

==== Nominal ''status constructus'' ====
{| class="wikitable"
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| ''tꜣ-jmn.t / <br/>tꜣ jmn.t'' || tꜣ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' <br/>land.M:STC west:F || tꜣ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG]
|-
| ''nb.t-p.t / <br/>nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' <br/>mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG]
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
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| ''nfr'' || nfr || good || nfr || good[M.SG]
|-
| ''nfr.w'' || nfr{{TrSep}}w || good:M.PL || nfr-w || good-M.PL
|-
| ''nfr.wï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}wï || good:M.DU || nfr-wï || good-M.DU
|-
| ''nfr.t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t || good:F || nfr-t || good-F[SG] 
|-
| ''nfr.(w)t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}}<!-- The w is indeed inexistent --> || good:F.PL || nfr-t {{Orange|(!)}} || good-F:PL
|-
| ''nfr.tï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}tï || good:F.DU || nfr-tï || good-F:DU
|}

=== Ordinal number affix ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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| ''.nw ''(e.g. ''4.nw'') || {{TrSep}}nw || :ORD || -nw || -ORD 
|-
| ''mḥ'' || mḥ || ORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Existential adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
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| ''wn'' || wn || existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not_existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== ‘Nisbes’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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| ''jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j)'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï || west:ADJZ || jmnt-ï || west-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)w'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || west:ADJZ:M.PL || jmnt-ï-w || west-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)t'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || west:ADJZ:F || jmnt-ï-t || west-ADJZ-F
|-
| ''ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï || under:ADJZ || ẖr-ï || under-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)w'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || under:ADJZ:M.PL || ẖr-ï-w || under-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)t'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || under:ADJZ:F || ẖr-ï-t || under-ADJZ-F
|}

=== ‘Indirect Genitive’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
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| ''n(j)'' || nï || of || nï || of[M.SG] 
|-
| ''n(j).w'' || nï{{TrSep}}w || of:M.PL || nï-w || of-M.PL 
|-
| ''n(j).t'' || nï{{TrSep}}t || of:F || nï-t || of-F 
|-
| ''n(j) ''(uninflected) || nï || of || nï || of 
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
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| ''ntï / nt(j)'' || ntï || REL || ntï || REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''nt(j).w'' || ntï{{TrSep}}w || REL:M.PL || ntï-w || REL-M.PL
|-
| ''nt(j).t'' || ntï{{TrSep}}t || REL:F || ntï-t || REL-F
|-
| ''jwtï / jwt(j)'' || jwtï || REL.NEG || jwtï || REL.NEG[M.SG] 
|-
| ''jwt(j).w'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}w || REL.NEG:M.PL || jwtï-w || REL.NEG-M.PL
|-
| ''jwt(j).t'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}t || REL.NEG:F || jwtï-t || REL.NEG-F
|}

=== Uninflected verbal forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
{| class="wikitable"
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| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF 
|-
| ''s:ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF 
|-
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF 
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:INF || gm{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}INF 
|}

;FAQ: 
:''‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss ''gmi̯.t'' as gm{{TrSep}}t gm{{TrSep}}t find{{tf}}INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’'' 
:A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a '''transfix'''. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs ''IIIae inf.'' like ''gmi̯'' and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like ''sḏm''. With the markup with ‘{{tf}}’, the encoder makes it clear that '''the feature INF is not solely present in the ''.t'''''. 
:This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.

==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
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| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || find:ADV.INF || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}ADV.INF
|}

==== ‘Negatival Complement’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:ADVZ || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}ADVZ
|}

=== Verbal forms with person/number inflection ===
==== Imperative ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IMP || gm || find{{tf}}IMP
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:IMP:PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}IMP-PL
|-
| ''m'' || m || do.not:IMP || m || PROH 
|}

==== Resultative ''alias'' Stative ''alias'' ‘Pseudo-participle’ ====
;Middle Egyptian:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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|-
| ''gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}kw || find:RES:1SG || gm-kw || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ /<br/> gmi̯.w'' || gm / <br/>gm{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / <br/>gm-w || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / <br/>find{{tf}}RES-3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F 
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / *gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || rowspan="2" | find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || rowspan="2" | find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.wïn'' || gm{{TrSep}}wïn || gm-wïn
|-
| ''gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnï || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnï || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL 
|}

;Old Egyptian (orthography):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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|-
| ''gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj'' || gm{{TrSep}}kj || find:RES:1SG || gm-kj || find{{tf}}RES-1SG 
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j)'' || gm / gm.j || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm.j || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES:3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F 
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.twn(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnj || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnj || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmj{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL.M || gm-w / gmj-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.M 
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3PL.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.F
|}

=== Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection ===
==== ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Present’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:IPFV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}IPFV 
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV 
|-
| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV 
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:SBJV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}SBJV 
|-
| ''mꜣn'' || mꜣn || see:SBJV || mꜣn || see{{tf}}SBJV 
|-
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / <br/>gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST 
|-
| ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST || mꜣꜣ || see{{tf}}POST 
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfect’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT) 
|-
| ''mꜣ.n'' || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT) 
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PFV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PFV 
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL 
|-
| ''mꜣꜣ.t'' || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL 
|-
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS 
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS 
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS 
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS 
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS 
|-
| ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ~ꜣ || see~POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS
|}

Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.

Cf. the following two sentences: 
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''jw gmi̯.n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ.t'' || ''jw gmi̯.n'''=f''' mḏꜣ.t''
|-
| jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t || jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n-'''f''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t
|-
| GRND find{{tf}}ANT '''king(M)[SG]''' writing:F[SG] || GRND find{{tf}}ANT-'''3SG.M''' writing:F[SG]
|-
|  ‘'''The king''' found the manuscript.’ || ‘'''He''' found the manuscript.’
|}


;FAQ: 
:''‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ ''nj sḏm.n=f''?’''
:The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal ''sḏm.n=f'' in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of ''nj sḏm.n=f'' specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!) 
;FAQ: 
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’''
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.</ref>

==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6 Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence.] In: Eitan Grossman ''et al.'' (eds.), ''On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar'', Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID  21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| '''‘Nominal Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfect’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:NMLZ:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}NMLZ:ANT
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Nominal Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Nominal Present’ || ''gmm'' || gmm || find:NMLZ:IPFV || gm~m || find{{tf}}NMLZ~IPFV
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:NMLZ.IPFV || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}NMLZ.IPFV
|-
| '''‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’''' || ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy / gm || find:NMLZ || gmy, gm || find{{tf}}NMLZ
|}

==== Consecutive verb forms, ''alias'' ‘Contingent verb forms’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ‘Consecutive’ || ''gmi̯.jn'' || rowspan="4" | gm{{TrSep}}jn || rowspan="4" | find:CNSV || gm{{TrSep}}jn || find{{tf}}CNSV
|-
| &nbsp;(‘Perfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}PFV-CNSV 
|-
| &nbsp;(‘Imperfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}IPFV-CNSV 
|-
| &nbsp;(‘Posterior Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-jn || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV 
|-
| ‘Obligative’ || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || rowspan="3" | find:OBLV || gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || find{{tf}}OBLV 
|-
| &nbsp;(‘Imperfective Obligative’) || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || gm-ḫr || find{{tf}}IPFV-OBLV 
|-
| &nbsp;(‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV 
|-
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜣ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT 
|-
| &nbsp;(‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜣ / gmi̯.w.kꜣ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜣ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT 
|-
| &nbsp;(‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜣ'' || gmy-kꜣ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT 
|}

==== Passive suffix ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian (orthography)''' 
|-
| ''.t(w) / .tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :PASS || -tw (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian (orthography)''' 
|-
| ''.t(j) / .tj'' || {{TrSep}}tj || :PASS || -tj (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|}

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''pꜣw / pꜣ(w)'' || pꜣw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Adjectival verbal forms ===
==== ‘Relative Forms’ ====
Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Anterior Relative Form’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective Relative Form’ ''alias'' ‘Relative Form Perfect’
|-
| ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL[M]:ANT 
|-
| ''gmi̯.t.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:F:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL:F:ANT
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Imperfective Relative Form’'''
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M || gm~m-w || find~REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M.PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M[SG] 
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M:PL 
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:REL.IPFV:F || gm~m-t || find~REL.IPFV-F 
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:REL.IPFV:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘''Clère''’s relative form’''' alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:REL || gmy || find{{tf}}REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:REL:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}REL-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:REL:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}REL-F
|}

==== Participles ====
;Unabbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PTCP.ACT || gm || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT[M.SG] 
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-M.PL 
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.ACT:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-F 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PTCP.PASS || gmy || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS[M.SG] 
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-M.PL 
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.PASS:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-F 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG] 
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL 
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F 
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG] 
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL <br/>(''abbr.'': hear:PDA:M.PL) || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL 
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M || gm~m-w || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG] 
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL 
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F 
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG] 
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL 
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP.POST:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:M 
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PTCP.POST:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:F 
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG 
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG 
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:PL 
|}

;Abbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PA || gm || find{{tf}}PA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PA:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PA:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PP || gmy || find{{tf}}PP[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PP:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PP-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PP:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PDA || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PDA:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDA:F || gm~m-t || find~PDA-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PDA || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) /'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDA:M.PL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDA:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M || gm~m-w || find~PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDP:F || gm~m-t || find~PDP-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDP:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PPO:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PPO:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PPO:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PPO:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PPA:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PPA:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PPA:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PPA:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PPA:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PPA:PL
|}

=== Particles and function words ===
==== Prepositions ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for= 
|-
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for- 
|-
| ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to=
|-
| ''n='' (STPR) || n- || for- / due_to- || n- || BEN- / due_to-
|-
| ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with= 
|-
| ''jm='' (STPR) || m-  || in- / from- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with- || jm- || INESS- / ABL- <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with-
|-
| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of
|-
| ''dp ''(trad.&nbsp;''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8 The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12
p. 183–203. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" />
|-
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with
|}

==== Autonomous and enclitic particles ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''j'' || j || EXLM || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jw'' || jw || GRND / CORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jwt'' || jwt || that_not || jwt || COMP.NEG
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || Q || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || by || jn || AGT
|-
| ''jr'' || jr || as_for || jr || TOPZ 
|-
| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ 
|-
| ''ꜥḥꜥ.n'' || ꜥḥꜥ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜥḥꜥ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT 
|-
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM 
|-
| ''wn.jn'' || wn{{TrSep}}jn || then || wn{{TrSep}}jn || CJVB:CNSV 
|-
| ''wnt'' || wnt || that || wnt || COMP
|-
| ''pw ''(nominal clause) || pw || this || =pw || =DEM.C
|-
| ''m=k'' || m{{TrSep}}k || look.IMP:2SG.M || m-k || ATTN-2SG.M 
|-
| ''m=ṯ'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯ || look.IMP:2SG.F || m-č || ATTN-2SG.F 
|-
| ''m=ṯn'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯn || look.IMP:2PL || m-čn || ATTN-2PL 
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nj || not || nj= || NEG=
|-
| ''n(j) ... js'' || nj ... js || not<SUB>1</SUB> ... not<SUB>1</SUB> || nj= ... js || NEG<SUB>1</SUB>= ... NEG<SUB>1</SUB>
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not / non_existent || nn || NEG / non_existent
|-
| ''ntt'' || ntt || that || ntt || COMP
|-
| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï  || MODP
| colspan="2" |''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḥꜣ'' || ḥꜣ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''sk , jsṯ , ...'' || sk , jsṯ , ... || SBRD / meanwhile || sk , jsč , ... || SBRD / meanwhile
|-
| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''kꜣ'' || kꜣ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

==== Adverbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ꜥꜣ'' || ꜥꜣ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''wr.t'' || wr{{TrSep}}t || very || wr{{TrSep}}t || very:ADVZ
|}

=== Selected clause patterns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jw=s sḏm=s'' || jw{{TrSep}}s sḏm{{TrSep}}s || GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F || jw-s sč̣m-s || GRND-3SG.F hear{{tf}}IPFV-3SG.F
|-
| ''jw sḏm.n=s'' || jw sḏm{{TrSep}}n{{TrSep}}s || GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F || jw sč̣m{{TrSep}}n-s || GRND hear{{tf}}ANT-3SG.F
|-
| ''nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M at find:INF || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M at find:INF || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF 
|-
| ''jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M at find:INF || jw-f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M at find{{tf}}INF 
|-
| ''nzw m jyi̯.t'' || nzw m jy{{TrSep}}t || king.M in come:INF || nzw m= jy{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] in= come{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw r gmi̯.t'' || nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M to find:INF || nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF 
|-
| ''jw nzw r gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M to find:INF || jw nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF 
|-
| ''jw=f r gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M to find:INF || jw-f r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t'' || jḫ{{TrSep}}t pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F DEM.C good:F || jḫ{{TrSep}}t =pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG]
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell &amp; Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules.] In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D.
;Grammars:
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture  online])
* Malaise, Michael &amp; Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.
Description	What you type	What you get
Italic	''Italic text''	Italic text
Bold	'''Bold text'''	Bold text
Bold & italic	'''''Bold & italic text'''''	*Bold & italic text*
Description	What you type	What you get
Reference	Page text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>	Page text.^[1]
Named reference	Page text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>	Page text.^[2]
Additional use of the same reference	Page text.<ref name="test" />	Page text.^[2]
Display references	<references />	↑ Link text, additional text. ↑ Link text