Editing Glossing Rules (section)

=== Inflection markup rules ===
==== Affixes and clitics ====
<div id="Punctuation_hyphen">
; (6) Affix markup rules
: If one object language word contains a clearly and neatly separable '''affix''' (suffix or prefix), this affix should be attached to its stem '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by a '''hyphen “-”''' (rather than by a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 2; Lehmann (2004: R12).</ref>
</div>

<div id="Punctuation_equal_sign">
; (7) Clitic morpheme markup rules
: If an object language morpheme attaches to another word as a '''clitic''' (enclitic or proclitic), this clitic should be attached to its base '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by an '''equal sign “=”''' (rather than by a hyphen “-”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 2; Lehmann (2004: R15).</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ei'''n-e'''m || Kur'''z=u'''rlaub || zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation.M.SG.DAT || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
Rather than
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a.M'''.DAT || shor'''t.v'''acation.M.SG.DAT || bac'''k.c'''om'''e.P'''TCP.PRF
|}
</small>

For ''“einem”'', cf. the following paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Gender, case !! Word !! Glossing transcription !! Gloss
|- 
| M, NOM || ''ein'' || ein || ART.INDF.SG.M.NOM (''or rather'' ART.INDF.SG[M.NOM], ''see [[#Punctuation_square_brackets|below]]'')
|-
| M, GEN || ''eines'' || ei'''n-e'''s || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.GEN
|-
| M, ACC ||  ''eine''' || ei'''n-e'''n || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.ACC
|-
| M, DAT ||  ''eine''' || ei'''n-e'''m || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.DAT
|- 
| F, NOM || ''eine'' || ei'''n-e''' || ART.INDF.S'''G-F'''.NOM 
|-
| ... || ... || ... || ...
|}

Note that e.g. ''“bin”'' cannot neatly be separated into different morphemes. Therefore, all its semantic elements are still ''fused'' by periods ‘.’ in the gloss.   

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==== Circumfixes and other circum-morphemes ====
<div id="Punctuation_circumfix">
; (8) Circum-morpheme markup recommendation
: If a split object language morpheme encircles another word from both sides as a '''circumfix''' or ‘circum-clitic’, or if two object language words encircle other words, we recommend to simply '''repeat the same gloss''' for both elements identically and mark both glosses with the '''same subscript index'''. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 8 (there without index) and Lehmann (2004: R17) with alternative suggestions.</ref>
</div>

; Examples:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''šipram'' || ''taštaprī'' 
|-
| šipr-am || '''ta-'''štapr'''-ī''' 
|-
| writing(M)-ACC.SG || '''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''-write.PST-'''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''
|}
{{Translation| ‘You have sent a letter.’}}


{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück='''ge-'''komm'''-en'''.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.M.SG.DAT || back='''PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-'''come'''-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>'''
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}


{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Je'' || '''''ne''''' || ''sais'' || '''''pas''''' || ''pourquoi''.
|-
| 1SG || '''NOT<sub>1</sub>''' || know.PRS.1SG || '''NOT<sub>1</sub>''' || why
|}
{{Translation|‘I don’t know why.’}}

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==== Infixes ====
<div id="Punctuation_angle_brackets">
; (9) Infix markup recommendation
: If one object language word contains a clearly and neatly separable '''infix''', this infix may optionally be marked '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by '''angle brackets “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”''' (rather than by periods “.”, colons “:”, or hyphens “-”). In the gloss, the brackets might either follow or precede the gloss of the element with the infix.<ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 9; Lehmann (2004: R18).</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''šipram'' || ''taštaprī'' 
|-
| šipr-am || ta-š'''&lt;ta&gt;'''pr-ī 
|-
| letter(M)-ACC.SG || 2SG.F<sub>1</sub>-write'''&lt;PST&gt;'''-2SG.F<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘You have sent a letter.’}}

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==== Reduplication phenomena ====
<div id="Punctuation_tilde">
; (10) Reduplication markup recommendation
: Categories that are expressed by a regular '''reduplication''' phenomenon in a paradigm may optionally be marked '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', with a '''tilde “~”''' (rather than with a period “.”, colon “:”, or hyphen “-”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 10; Lehmann (2004: R19).</ref>
</div>

Cf. the following Egyptian paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Verbal Number !! Word !! Glossing transliteration !! Gloss !! Translation
|- 
| (unmarked) || ''jrt'' || jr-t || do.PTCP-F || ‘(she) who does/did’
|-
| DISTR || ''jrrt'' || jr'''~r'''-t || d'''o~P'''TCP.DISTR-F || ‘(she) who (repeatedly, ...) does/used to do’
|}

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==== Correct sequential alignment rule ====
If affixes, clitics, reduplications and/or infixes are marked by “-”, “=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, respectively, it is mandatory to obey the following rule:

<div id="Correct_sequential_alignment">
; (11) Correct sequential alignment rule
: The number and sequence of hyphens “-”, equal signs “=”, tildes “~”, and angle brackets “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” must always be exactly the same in the object language transliteration and the gloss. <ref>Lehmann (2004: R9, R10).</ref>
</div>

Cf. for example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Correct || <small>Wrong</small> || <small>Wrong</small> || Correct || <small>Wrong</small>
|-
| ''jrrtf'' || <small>''jrrtf''</small> || <small>''jrrtf''</small> || ''ambulabam'' || <small>''ambulabam''</small>
|-
| jr~r-t=f || <small>j'''rr'''-t=f</small> || <small>jr~'''r.t'''=f</small> || ambul'''a-ba-m''' || 
|-
| d'''o~D'''ISTR.RE'''L-F=3'''SG.M || <small>d'''o~D'''ISTR.REL-F=3SG.M</small> || <small>do~DISTR.RE'''L-F'''=3SG.M</small> || wal'''k-I'''PF'''V-1'''SG || <small>wal'''k-I'''PF'''V-1'''SG</small>
|-
| ‘what he used to do’ || || || ‘I walked’
|}

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==== Missing inflection ====
<div id="Punctuation_square_brackets">
; (12) Missing inflection markup recommendation
: If one can determine a grammatical category of a word only by the fact that '''a morpheme (ending, affix, infix, ...) is missing''', this category should be attached to the gloss in '''square brackets “[&nbsp;]”''' (rather than by a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 6. Lehmann (2004: R24, R16) used “[&nbsp;]” and “(&nbsp;)” differently.</ref>
</div>

Cf. the following paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Number, case !! Word !! Glossing transliteration !! Gloss
|- 
| SG, NOM || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.NOM''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')
|-
| SG, GEN || ''Urlaubs'' || Urlau'''b-s''' || vacation-SG.GEN
|-
| SG, ACC || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.ACC''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')
|-
| SG, DAT || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.DAT''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')
|- 
| PL, NOM || ''Urlaube'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.NOM (''or'' vacation-PL.NOM/GEN)
|-
| PL, GEN || ''Urlaube'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.GEN  (''or'' vacation-PL.NOM/GEN)
|-
| PL, ACC || ''Urlauben'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.ACC  (''or'' vacation-PL.ACC/DAT)
|-
| PL, DAT ||''Urlauben'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.DAT  (''or'' vacation-SG.ACC/DAT)
|}

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlau'''b''' || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M[S'''G.DA'''T]''' || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
Rather than
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M.S'''G.DA'''T''' || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
</small>

<div id="Punctuation_zero_morpheme">
Alternatively, one might want to explicitly mark the paradigmatic missing of a morpheme (ending, affix, infix, ...) in the transcription by the means of a '''‘zero-morpheme’ affix “-ø”'''. (Cf. the [[#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix Markup Recommendation]] above.)
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub'''-ø''' || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M-S'''G.DAT || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

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==== Covert, inherent categories ====
<div id="Punctuation_parentheses">
; (13) Inherent categories markup recommendation
: Categories that are never expressed by a morpheme in a paradigm, i.e. categories that are rather inherent to a lexeme, may optionally be attached to the respective gloss in '''parentheses “(&nbsp;)”''' (rather than by a period “.” or square brackets “[&nbsp;]”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 7.</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacatio'''n(M)'''[SG.DAT] || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
Rather than
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacatio'''n.M'''[SG.DAT] || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
</small>

Caution: This rule may eventually generate some difficult questions, like whether e.g. “ich” should be glossed as “1SG.NOM” or “1SG(NOM)”. 

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==== ''Ablaut'' phenomena ====
<div id="Punctuation_backslash">
; (14) ''Ablaut'' markup recommendation
: Categories that are expressed by a regular '''''ablaut''''' phenomenon in a paradigm may optionally be attached to the gloss with a '''back slash “\”''' (rather than with a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 4d; cf. Lehmann (2004: R20).</ref>
</div>

Cf. the following paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Number !! Word !! Gloss
|- 
| SG || ''Vater'' || father(M).SG ''or better'' father(M)[SG]
|-
| PL || ''V'''ä'''ter'' || father(M):PL  ''or better'' father(M)'''\PL'''
|}

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==== Transfix (root-and-pattern morphology) ====
In some languages, like many Afro-Asiatic languages, one can neatly separate (a) a word root and (b) a vowel pattern, although they are intertwined like two cogwheels. This phenomenon is known as ‘root-and-pattern morphology’ or ‘transfixation’.

<div id="Punctuation_transfix">
; (15) Transfix markup recommendation
: Categories that are expressed by a transfix, i.e. a complex regular vocalic pattern applied to a (consonantal) root in a paradigm, may be marked as unspecified inflection (“:”, see [[#Punctuation_colon|above]]).
: Some scholars suggest to use the ''ablaut'' backslash “\” (see [[#Punctuation_backslash|above]]) also for transfixation. <ref>Cf. Lehmann (2004: R20).</ref>.
</div>

; Discussion:
: Alternatively, Daniel Werning suggests to use a ‘new’ punctuation mark, e.g. “^”, to mark transfixation.

; Current recommendation:
: Currently this Wiki uses '''“{{tf}}”'''  as a mark.

Cf. the following examples from Akkadian:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
| ''šapārum'' || š'''a'''p'''ā'''r-um || writ'''e:I'''NF-NOM.SG ''or'' writ'''e{{tf}}I'''NF-NOM.SG || ‘(to) write; (to) send’
|- 
| ''ašpur'' || a-šp'''u'''r || 1SG-writ'''e:P'''ST ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}P'''ST || ‘I sent’
|- 
| ''ašappar''  || a-š'''a'''p'''pa'''r  || 1SG-writ'''e:I'''PFV ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}I'''PFV || ‘I send, I will send’
|- 
| ''aštapar'' || a-š'''&lt;ta&gt;'''p'''a'''r || 1SG-write'''&lt;PST&gt;''' ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}P'''ST || ‘I have sent’
|- 
| ''šiprum''  || š'''i'''pr-um  || '''writing(M)'''-NOM.SG || ‘message, writing; work’
|}

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