Editing Glossing Rules (section)

== Optional rules: expert mode ==
=== An extra Glossing line ===
<div id="Glossing_line">
In the expert mode, inflections are marked more specifically as to its type and degree of attachment. Additionally, morpheme boundaries are not only indicated in the gloss but also in the object language. Consequently, the encoder needs to add an '''extra glossing transliteration line''' between the original object language line and the glossing line.
</div>

; Example (to be explained below):
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| '''Original''' || ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| '''Glossing <br/>transliteration''' || vorgestern <ref>For the lower case, cf. Lehmann (2004: R31).</ref> || bin || ich || aus || ei'''n-e'''m || Kur'''z=u'''rlaub || zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n.
|-
| '''Glossing <br/>line''' || the_day_<br/>before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation(M)[SG.DAT] || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F<sub>1</sub>-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}


One might then think about leaving out the ‘Original’ line. This is an issue that relates to the kind of one’s intended readers. 

; Example (to be explained below):
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| '''Glossing <br/>transliteration''' || ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''ei'''n-e'''m'' || ''Kur'''z=u'''rlaub'' || ''zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n''.
|-
| '''Glossing <br/>line''' || the_day_<br/>before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation(M)[ SG.DAT] || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F<sub>1</sub>-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

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=== Inflection markup rules ===
==== Affixes and clitics ====
<div id="Punctuation_hyphen">
; (6) Affix markup rules
: If one object language word contains a clearly and neatly separable '''affix''' (suffix or prefix), this affix should be attached to its stem '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by a '''hyphen “-”''' (rather than by a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 2; Lehmann (2004: R12).</ref>
</div>

<div id="Punctuation_equal_sign">
; (7) Clitic morpheme markup rules
: If an object language morpheme attaches to another word as a '''clitic''' (enclitic or proclitic), this clitic should be attached to its base '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by an '''equal sign “=”''' (rather than by a hyphen “-”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 2; Lehmann (2004: R15).</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ei'''n-e'''m || Kur'''z=u'''rlaub || zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation.M.SG.DAT || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
Rather than
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a.M'''.DAT || shor'''t.v'''acation.M.SG.DAT || bac'''k.c'''om'''e.P'''TCP.PRF
|}
</small>

For ''“einem”'', cf. the following paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Gender, case !! Word !! Glossing transcription !! Gloss
|- 
| M, NOM || ''ein'' || ein || ART.INDF.SG.M.NOM (''or rather'' ART.INDF.SG[M.NOM], ''see [[#Punctuation_square_brackets|below]]'')
|-
| M, GEN || ''eines'' || ei'''n-e'''s || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.GEN
|-
| M, ACC ||  ''eine''' || ei'''n-e'''n || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.ACC
|-
| M, DAT ||  ''eine''' || ei'''n-e'''m || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.DAT
|- 
| F, NOM || ''eine'' || ei'''n-e''' || ART.INDF.S'''G-F'''.NOM 
|-
| ... || ... || ... || ...
|}

Note that e.g. ''“bin”'' cannot neatly be separated into different morphemes. Therefore, all its semantic elements are still ''fused'' by periods ‘.’ in the gloss.   

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==== Circumfixes and other circum-morphemes ====
<div id="Punctuation_circumfix">
; (8) Circum-morpheme markup recommendation
: If a split object language morpheme encircles another word from both sides as a '''circumfix''' or ‘circum-clitic’, or if two object language words encircle other words, we recommend to simply '''repeat the same gloss''' for both elements identically and mark both glosses with the '''same subscript index'''. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 8 (there without index) and Lehmann (2004: R17) with alternative suggestions.</ref>
</div>

; Examples:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''šipram'' || ''taštaprī'' 
|-
| šipr-am || '''ta-'''štapr'''-ī''' 
|-
| writing(M)-ACC.SG || '''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''-write.PST-'''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''
|}
{{Translation| ‘You have sent a letter.’}}


{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück='''ge-'''komm'''-en'''.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.M.SG.DAT || back='''PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-'''come'''-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>'''
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}


{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Je'' || '''''ne''''' || ''sais'' || '''''pas''''' || ''pourquoi''.
|-
| 1SG || '''NOT<sub>1</sub>''' || know.PRS.1SG || '''NOT<sub>1</sub>''' || why
|}
{{Translation|‘I don’t know why.’}}

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==== Infixes ====
<div id="Punctuation_angle_brackets">
; (9) Infix markup recommendation
: If one object language word contains a clearly and neatly separable '''infix''', this infix may optionally be marked '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by '''angle brackets “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”''' (rather than by periods “.”, colons “:”, or hyphens “-”). In the gloss, the brackets might either follow or precede the gloss of the element with the infix.<ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 9; Lehmann (2004: R18).</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''šipram'' || ''taštaprī'' 
|-
| šipr-am || ta-š'''&lt;ta&gt;'''pr-ī 
|-
| letter(M)-ACC.SG || 2SG.F<sub>1</sub>-write'''&lt;PST&gt;'''-2SG.F<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘You have sent a letter.’}}

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==== Reduplication phenomena ====
<div id="Punctuation_tilde">
; (10) Reduplication markup recommendation
: Categories that are expressed by a regular '''reduplication''' phenomenon in a paradigm may optionally be marked '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', with a '''tilde “~”''' (rather than with a period “.”, colon “:”, or hyphen “-”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 10; Lehmann (2004: R19).</ref>
</div>

Cf. the following Egyptian paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Verbal Number !! Word !! Glossing transliteration !! Gloss !! Translation
|- 
| (unmarked) || ''jrt'' || jr-t || do.PTCP-F || ‘(she) who does/did’
|-
| DISTR || ''jrrt'' || jr'''~r'''-t || d'''o~P'''TCP.DISTR-F || ‘(she) who (repeatedly, ...) does/used to do’
|}

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==== Correct sequential alignment rule ====
If affixes, clitics, reduplications and/or infixes are marked by “-”, “=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, respectively, it is mandatory to obey the following rule:

<div id="Correct_sequential_alignment">
; (11) Correct sequential alignment rule
: The number and sequence of hyphens “-”, equal signs “=”, tildes “~”, and angle brackets “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” must always be exactly the same in the object language transliteration and the gloss. <ref>Lehmann (2004: R9, R10).</ref>
</div>

Cf. for example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Correct || <small>Wrong</small> || <small>Wrong</small> || Correct || <small>Wrong</small>
|-
| ''jrrtf'' || <small>''jrrtf''</small> || <small>''jrrtf''</small> || ''ambulabam'' || <small>''ambulabam''</small>
|-
| jr~r-t=f || <small>j'''rr'''-t=f</small> || <small>jr~'''r.t'''=f</small> || ambul'''a-ba-m''' || 
|-
| d'''o~D'''ISTR.RE'''L-F=3'''SG.M || <small>d'''o~D'''ISTR.REL-F=3SG.M</small> || <small>do~DISTR.RE'''L-F'''=3SG.M</small> || wal'''k-I'''PF'''V-1'''SG || <small>wal'''k-I'''PF'''V-1'''SG</small>
|-
| ‘what he used to do’ || || || ‘I walked’
|}

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==== Missing inflection ====
<div id="Punctuation_square_brackets">
; (12) Missing inflection markup recommendation
: If one can determine a grammatical category of a word only by the fact that '''a morpheme (ending, affix, infix, ...) is missing''', this category should be attached to the gloss in '''square brackets “[&nbsp;]”''' (rather than by a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 6. Lehmann (2004: R24, R16) used “[&nbsp;]” and “(&nbsp;)” differently.</ref>
</div>

Cf. the following paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Number, case !! Word !! Glossing transliteration !! Gloss
|- 
| SG, NOM || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.NOM''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')
|-
| SG, GEN || ''Urlaubs'' || Urlau'''b-s''' || vacation-SG.GEN
|-
| SG, ACC || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.ACC''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')
|-
| SG, DAT || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.DAT''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')
|- 
| PL, NOM || ''Urlaube'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.NOM (''or'' vacation-PL.NOM/GEN)
|-
| PL, GEN || ''Urlaube'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.GEN  (''or'' vacation-PL.NOM/GEN)
|-
| PL, ACC || ''Urlauben'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.ACC  (''or'' vacation-PL.ACC/DAT)
|-
| PL, DAT ||''Urlauben'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.DAT  (''or'' vacation-SG.ACC/DAT)
|}

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlau'''b''' || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M[S'''G.DA'''T]''' || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
Rather than
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M.S'''G.DA'''T''' || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
</small>

<div id="Punctuation_zero_morpheme">
Alternatively, one might want to explicitly mark the paradigmatic missing of a morpheme (ending, affix, infix, ...) in the transcription by the means of a '''‘zero-morpheme’ affix “-ø”'''. (Cf. the [[#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix Markup Recommendation]] above.)
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub'''-ø''' || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M-S'''G.DAT || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

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==== Covert, inherent categories ====
<div id="Punctuation_parentheses">
; (13) Inherent categories markup recommendation
: Categories that are never expressed by a morpheme in a paradigm, i.e. categories that are rather inherent to a lexeme, may optionally be attached to the respective gloss in '''parentheses “(&nbsp;)”''' (rather than by a period “.” or square brackets “[&nbsp;]”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 7.</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacatio'''n(M)'''[SG.DAT] || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
Rather than
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacatio'''n.M'''[SG.DAT] || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>
|}
</small>

Caution: This rule may eventually generate some difficult questions, like whether e.g. “ich” should be glossed as “1SG.NOM” or “1SG(NOM)”. 

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==== ''Ablaut'' phenomena ====
<div id="Punctuation_backslash">
; (14) ''Ablaut'' markup recommendation
: Categories that are expressed by a regular '''''ablaut''''' phenomenon in a paradigm may optionally be attached to the gloss with a '''back slash “\”''' (rather than with a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 4d; cf. Lehmann (2004: R20).</ref>
</div>

Cf. the following paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Number !! Word !! Gloss
|- 
| SG || ''Vater'' || father(M).SG ''or better'' father(M)[SG]
|-
| PL || ''V'''ä'''ter'' || father(M):PL  ''or better'' father(M)'''\PL'''
|}

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==== Transfix (root-and-pattern morphology) ====
In some languages, like many Afro-Asiatic languages, one can neatly separate (a) a word root and (b) a vowel pattern, although they are intertwined like two cogwheels. This phenomenon is known as ‘root-and-pattern morphology’ or ‘transfixation’.

<div id="Punctuation_transfix">
; (15) Transfix markup recommendation
: Categories that are expressed by a transfix, i.e. a complex regular vocalic pattern applied to a (consonantal) root in a paradigm, may be marked as unspecified inflection (“:”, see [[#Punctuation_colon|above]]).
: Some scholars suggest to use the ''ablaut'' backslash “\” (see [[#Punctuation_backslash|above]]) also for transfixation. <ref>Cf. Lehmann (2004: R20).</ref>.
</div>

; Discussion:
: Alternatively, Daniel Werning suggests to use a ‘new’ punctuation mark, e.g. “^”, to mark transfixation.

; Current recommendation:
: Currently this Wiki uses '''“{{tf}}”'''  as a mark.

Cf. the following examples from Akkadian:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
| ''šapārum'' || š'''a'''p'''ā'''r-um || writ'''e:I'''NF-NOM.SG ''or'' writ'''e{{tf}}I'''NF-NOM.SG || ‘(to) write; (to) send’
|- 
| ''ašpur'' || a-šp'''u'''r || 1SG-writ'''e:P'''ST ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}P'''ST || ‘I sent’
|- 
| ''ašappar''  || a-š'''a'''p'''pa'''r  || 1SG-writ'''e:I'''PFV ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}I'''PFV || ‘I send, I will send’
|- 
| ''aštapar'' || a-š'''&lt;ta&gt;'''p'''a'''r || 1SG-write'''&lt;PST&gt;''' ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}P'''ST || ‘I have sent’
|- 
| ''šiprum''  || š'''i'''pr-um  || '''writing(M)'''-NOM.SG || ‘message, writing; work’
|}

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=== The period and the colon in expert mode ===
<div id="Punctuation_period_expert">
; (2a") The period and the colon in expert mode
: If one chooses to mark affixes, clitics, reduplications and/or infixes by “-”,“=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, respectively, 
: – elements in a gloss should only be joined by a colon “:” as a last resort for difficult cases like e.g. transfixation, and 
: – elements in a gloss should only be joined by a period “.”, if these are inseparably fused in the object language word, i.e. if they are part of a ''Portmanteau'' morpheme. <ref>Cf. Lehmann (2004: R21).</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=gekommen.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || '''be.PRS.1SG''' || '''1SG.NOM''' || out || a-'''M.DAT''' || short=vacation(M)['''SG.DAT'''] || back=com'''e:PTCP.PRF'''
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

However, the encoder may of course choose to use the colon “:” instead of any of the other indications of separable morphemes (“-”, “=”, “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, “~”, “\”) – but not for ''Portmanteau'' morphemes. But remember that, differently to the cases of “-”, “=”, “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, and “~”, the colon “:” in the gloss is not supposed to match with a colon “:” in the Glossing transliteration line. 

Note that a separate glossing transcription line is not necessary if the encoder uses only periods “.”, colons “:”, backslashes “\”, parentheses “(&nbsp;)”, and square brackets “[&nbsp;]”.

{{Separating bar}}
{{Separating bar}}
Description	What you type	What you get
Italic	''Italic text''	Italic text
Bold	'''Bold text'''	Bold text
Bold & italic	'''''Bold & italic text'''''	*Bold & italic text*
Description	What you type	What you get
Reference	Page text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>	Page text.^[1]
Named reference	Page text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>	Page text.^[2]
Additional use of the same reference	Page text.<ref name="test" />	Page text.^[2]
Display references	<references />	↑ Link text, additional text. ↑ Link text