Editing Glossing Rules (section)

== Core rules ==

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=== Alignment ===
; (1) Alignment Rule
: An object language word and its gloss need to be '''arranged vertically left-aligned'''. <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 1; cf. Lehmann (2004: R27).</ref> 

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| style="border-right:medium solid" | ''Vorgestern'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''bin'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''ich'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''aus'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''einem'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| style="border-right:medium solid" | the.day.before.yesterday || style="border-right:medium solid" | am || style="border-right:medium solid" | I || style="border-right:medium solid" | out || style="border-right:medium solid" | a || style="border-right:medium solid" | short.vacation || back.come
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
But '''not''':
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern bin ich von einem Kurzurlaub zurückgekommen.''
|-
| the.day.before.yesterday am I out a short.vacation back.come
|}
</small>

The best way to edit this in text editing programs is by the means of invisible tables, i.e. '''tables without border lines'''. (Whitespaces like blanks or tabs are not very helpful for this purpose.)

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=== One-to-Many Correspondences ===
==== One object language word = many gloss elements ====
<div id="Punctuation_period">
; (2a) Standard Joining Rule (for the gloss)
: Within a pair of an object language word and gloss, neither the word nor the gloss may contain any whitespaces (blanks, tabs). 
: If one object language word corresponds to two or more elements in the gloss, these elements have to be joined by a punctuation mark. 
:The standard punctuation mark for '''joining elements in the gloss''' is the '''period “.”'''. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 4.</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| th'''e.d'''a'''y.b'''efor'''e.y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || shor'''t.v'''acation || bac'''k.c'''ome
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

<small>
But '''not''':
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| th'''e d'''a'''y b'''efor'''e y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || shor'''t v'''acation || bac'''k c'''ome
|}
</small>

<div id="Punctuation_person_number">
; Standard exception to the Standard Joining Rule
: The sequence PERSON – NUMBER is usually spelled simply without a period “.”, i.e. [[Glossing Abbreviations|abbreviated]] as e.g. “3PL” (instead of “3'''.'''PL”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 5.</ref>
</div>

For another meaning of the period “.” in cases in which other punctuation marks like colons “:”, hyphens “-” or else are also used, see [[#Punctuation_period_expert|The Period in Expert Mode section]] below. 

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===== Compact translation phrases in the gloss =====
<div id="Punctuation_underscore_gloss">
; (2b) Compact phrase joining recommendation
: If one object language word corresponds to a compact '''multi-word phrase translation in the gloss''', these elements should rather be joined by an '''underscore “_”''' than by a period “.”. <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 4a; Lehmann (2004: R23).</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| th'''e_d'''a'''y_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || short.vacation || back.come
|}

<small>
Rather than
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| th'''e.d'''a'''y.b'''efor'''e.y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || short.vacation || back.come
|}
</small>

; FAQ:
: ''What is the difference between the case of ''“vorgestern – th'''e_d'''a'''y_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday”'' and ''“Kurzurlaub – shor'''t.v'''acation”''?''  
: In the case of “Kurzurlaub – short.vacation”, the object language word “Kurzurlaub” actually contains the separate elements “short” (“kurz”) and “vacation” (“Urlaub”) – and only these elements. In the case of “vorgestern – the_day_before_yesterday – vorgestern”, on the other hand, the object language word “vorgestern” does not contain the elements “the”, “day”, “before”, and “yesterday” as four separate units. “The day before yesterday” is rather a fixed combined phrase.

: ''But ''“vorgestern”'' does contain the elements ''“before”'' and ''“yesterday”''!''  
: In the spirit of the Compact Phrase Joining Rule, one may therefore gloss “vorgestern” either as “befor'''e.y'''esterday” or “'''the_day_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday”.

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==== Many object language words = one gloss element ====
<div id="Punctuation_underscore_object_language">
; (2c) Standard Joining Rule for object language words
: If two or more object language words corresponds to one element in the gloss, these elements have to be joined by a punctuation mark. The standard punctuation mark for '''joining object language words''' that correspond to one single gloss is the '''underscore “_”''' (rather than the period “.”). <ref>Lehmann (2004: R11).</ref>
</div>

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''I'' || ''came'' || ''back'' || ''from'' || ''a'' || ''short'' || ''vacation'' || ''th'''e_d'''a'''y_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday''
|-
| ich || kam || zurück || von || ein || kurz || Urlaub || vorgestern
|}
{{Translation|‘Vorgestern bin ich aus einem Kurzurlaub zurückgekommen.’}}

<small>
But '''not''':
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}
|-
| ''I'' || ''came'' || ''back'' || ''from'' || ''a'' || ''short'' || ''vacation'' || ''th'''e d'''a'''y b'''efor'''e y'''esterday''
|-
| ich || kam || zurück || von || ein || kurz || Urlaub || vorgestern
|}
</small>

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=== Analyzing grammatical categories ===
==== Grammatical morphemes ====
<div id="Categories_style">
; (3) Grammatical categories markup rule
: Grammatical categories marked on or inherent to the object language word may be analyzed in the gloss. These '''grammatical categories''' have to be typeset in '''small caps''' (small capital letters), or else – but less elegant – in normal capital letters. 
: For the sake of space, frequent grammatical categories are usually abbreviated. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 3; Lehmann (2004: R29).</ref>
</div>

For common glossing abbreviations, see the [[Glossing Abbreviations|Glossing Abbreviations section]].

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || be'''.PRS.1SG''' || '''1SG.NOM''' || out || '''ART.INDF.SG.M.DAT''' || short.vacation'''.M.SG.DAT''' || back.come'''.PTCP.PRF'''
|}
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}

Alternatively, one might want to '''leave some elements unanalyzed''':
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.
|-
| the_day_before_yesterday || '''am''' || '''I''' || out || '''a'''.SG.M.DAT || short.vacation.M.SG.DAT || back.come.PTCP.PRF
|}

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==== Ambiguous morphemes ====
<div id="Punctuation_slash">
; (4) Ambiguous polysemous morphemes recommendation
: If a morpheme has two or more different meanings, i.e. if it is '''polysemous''', the encoder might optionally want to give two or more of the meanings separated by a '''slash “/”'''. <ref>Lehmann (2004: §3.5, tab. 6.2).</ref>
</div>

Cf. the following paradigm:
{| class="wikitable"
|- 
! Number, case !! Word !! Gloss
|-
| SG, NOM || ''Urlaub'' || vacation.SG.NOM ''or'' vacation.SG.'''NOM/ACC/DAT''' ''or'' vacation.SG.NGEN
|- 
| SG, GEN || ''Urlaubs'' || vacation.SG.GEN
|-
| SG, ACC || ''Urlaub'' || vacation.SG.ACC ''or'' vacation.SG.'''NOM/ACC/DAT''' ''or'' vacation.SG.NGEN
|-
| SG, DAT || ''Urlaub'' || vacation.SG.DAT ''or'' vacation.SG.'''NOM/ACC/DAT''' ''or'' vacation.SG.NGEN
|- 
| PL, NOM || ''Urlaube'' || vacation.PL.NOM ''or'' vacation.PL.'''NOM/GEN'''
|-
| PL, GEN || ''Urlaube'' || vacation.PL.GEN ''or'' vacation.PL.'''NOM/GEN'''
|-
| PL, ACC || ''Urlauben'' || vacation.PL.ACC ''or'' vacation.PL.'''ACC/DAT'''
|-
| PL, DAT ||''Urlauben'' || vacation.PL.DAT ''or'' vacation.PL.'''ACC/DAT'''
|}

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