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Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms
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=== Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection === ==== ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert |- | rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Present’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV |- | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:IPFV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}IPFV |- | rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV |- | ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV |- | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:SBJV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}SBJV |- | ''mꜣn'' || mꜣn || see:SBJV || mꜣn || see{{tf}}SBJV |- | ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV |- | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / <br/>gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST |- | ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST || mꜣꜣ || see{{tf}}POST |- | ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST |- | rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfect’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT) |- | ''mꜣ.n'' || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT) |- | ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}} |- | rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’ |- | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PRV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PRV |- | ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV |- | rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL |- | ''mꜣꜣ.t'' || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL |- | ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL |- | rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS |- | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS |- | ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS |- | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS |- | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS |- | ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS |- | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS |- | ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ~ꜣ || see~POST.PASS |- | ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS |} Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases. Cf. the following two sentences: {| {{Glossing table}} |- | ''jw gmi̯.n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ.t'' || ''jw gmi̯.n'''=f''' mḏꜣ.t'' |- | jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t || jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n-'''f''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t |- | GRND find{{tf}}ANT '''king(M)[SG]''' writing:F[SG] || GRND find{{tf}}ANT-'''3SG.M''' writing:F[SG] |- | ‘'''The king''' found the manuscript.’ || ‘'''He''' found the manuscript.’ |} ;FAQ: :''‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ ''nj sḏm.n=f''?’'' :The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal ''sḏm.n=f'' in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of ''nj sḏm.n=f'' specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!) ;FAQ: :''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’'' :The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.</ref> ==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6 Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence.] In: Eitan Grossman ''et al.'' (eds.), ''On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar'', Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert |- | '''‘Nominal Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfect’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:NMLZ:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}NMLZ:ANT |- | rowspan="2" | '''‘Nominal Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Nominal Present’ || ''gmm'' || gmm || find:NMLZ:IPFV || gm~m || find{{tf}}NMLZ~IPFV |- | ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:NMLZ.IPFV || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}NMLZ.IPFV |- | '''‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’''' || ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy / gm || find:NMLZ || gmy, gm || find{{tf}}NMLZ |} ==== Consecutive verb forms, ''alias'' ‘Contingent verb forms’ ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert |- | ‘Consecutive’ || ''gmi̯.jn'' || rowspan="4" | gm{{TrSep}}jn || rowspan="4" | find:CNSV || gm{{TrSep}}jn || find{{tf}}CNSV |- | (‘Perfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}PRV-CNSV |- | (‘Imperfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}IPFV-CNSV |- | (‘Posterior Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-jn || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV |- | ‘Obligative’ || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || rowspan="3" | find:OBLV || gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || find{{tf}}OBLV |- | (‘Imperfective Obligative’) || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || gm-ḫr || find{{tf}}IPFV-OBLV |- | (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV |- | ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜣ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT |- | (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜣ / gmi̯.w.kꜣ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜣ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT |- | (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜣ'' || gmy-kꜣ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT |} ==== Passive suffix ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert |- | colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian (orthography)''' |- | ''.t(w) / .tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :PASS || -tw (''or'' -t) || -PASS |- | colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian (orthography)''' |- | ''.t(j) / .tj'' || {{TrSep}}tj || :PASS || -tj (''or'' -t) || -PASS |} ==== Auxiliary verbs ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert |- | ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' |- | ''pꜣw / pꜣ(w)'' || pꜣw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' |}
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