Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms: Difference between revisions
From Glossing Ancient Languages
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| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL | | ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''st'' || st || | | ''st'' || st || 3COLL || =st || =3COLL | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian''' | | colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. ( | | ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (2013). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0 Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review.] In: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), ''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0.</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''swt'' || swt || swt | | ''swt'' || swt || swt | ||
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| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)''' | | colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''pꜣ'' || pꜣ || this:M || pꜣ || DEM.PROX:M.SG | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜣ'' || tꜣ || this:F || tꜣ || DEM.PROX:F.SG | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''nꜣ'' || nꜣ || this || nꜣ || DEM.PROX:C | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''nꜣ n(j)'' || nꜣ_nï || these || nꜣ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" | '''Distal''' | | colspan="5" | '''Distal''' | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜣ'' || tꜣ || land.M || tꜣ || land(M)[SG] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜣ.w'' || tꜣ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜣ-w || land(M)-PL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜣ.wï'' || tꜣ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜣ-wï || land(M)-DU | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG] | | ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG] | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''tꜣ-jmn.t / <br/>tꜣ jmn.t'' || tꜣ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' <br/>land.M:STC west:F || tꜣ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nb.t-p.t / <br/>nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' <br/>mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG] | | ''nb.t-p.t / <br/>nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' <br/>mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' <br/>mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG] | ||
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| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF | | ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''s: | | ''s:ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF | | ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF | ||
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| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Present’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV | | rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Present’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:IPFV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}IPFV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV | | rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV | ||
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| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV | | ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:SBJV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}SBJV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣn'' || mꜣn || see:SBJV || mꜣn || see{{tf}}SBJV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV | | ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / <br/>gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / <br/>gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST || mꜣꜣ || see{{tf}}POST | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST | | ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfect’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT) | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfect’ <br/>''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣ.n'' || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT <br/>(''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}} | | ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}} | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’ | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PRV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PRV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV | | ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣꜣ.t'' || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL | | ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | | ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS | | ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS | | rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' <br/>''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ~ꜣ || see~POST.PASS | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS | | ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS | ||
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;FAQ: | ;FAQ: | ||
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’'' | :''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’'' | ||
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http:// | :The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a <u>perfective</u> form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the <u>action as a whole</u> – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does <u>never</u> occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the <u>whole</u> action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.</ref> | ||
==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== | ==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ==== | ||
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. ( | Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6 Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence.] In: Eitan Grossman ''et al.'' (eds.), ''On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar'', Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV | | (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯. | | ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜣ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w). | | (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜣ / gmi̯.w.kꜣ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜣ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y). | | (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜣ'' || gmy-kꜣ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''pꜣw / pꜣ(w)'' || pꜣw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http:// | | ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for= | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for- | | ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for- | ||
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| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of | | ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http:// | | ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8 The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12 | ||
p. 183–203.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp | p. 183–203. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with | | ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with | ||
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| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ | | ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ꜥḥꜥ.n'' || ꜥḥꜥ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜥḥꜥ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM | | ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM | ||
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| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ḥꜣ'' || ḥꜣ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
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| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''kꜣ'' || kꜣ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ꜥꜣ'' || ꜥꜣ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | | ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced'' | ||
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== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http:// | * Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules.] In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D. | ||
;Grammars: | ;Grammars: | ||
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online]) | * Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online]) | ||
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18. | * Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18. | ||
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8. |
Latest revision as of 21:02, 6 August 2017
What follows is a list of Earlier Egyptian (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.
Please contribute to the list or to the discussion of the glossing of specific forms.
Grammatical forms[edit | edit source]
Pronouns[edit | edit source]
Personal pronouns[edit | edit source]
‘Suffix pronouns’[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
=j | :j | :1SG | -j | -1SG |
=k | :k | :2SG.M | -k | -2SG.M |
=ṯ / =t | :ṯ | :2SG.F | -č | -2SG.F |
=f | :f | :3SG.M | -f | -3SG.M |
=s | :s | :3SG.F | -s | -3SG.F |
=n | :n | :1PL | -n | -1PL |
=ṯn / =tn | :ṯn | :2PL | -čn | -2PL |
=sn | :sn | :3PL | -sn | -3PL |
Old Egyptian additionally | ||||
=n(j) / =nj | :nj | :1DU | -nj | -1DU |
=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj | :ṯnj | :2DU | -čnj | -2DU |
=sn(j) / =snj | :snj | :3DU | -snj | -3DU |
Later Middle Egyptian additionally | ||||
=tw | :tw | :IMPRS | -tw | -IMPRS |
‘Enclitic personal pronouns’[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
wj | wj | 1SG | =w (!) | =1SG |
ṯw / tw | ṯw | 2SG.M | =čw | =2SG.M |
ṯn / tn | ṯn | 2SG.F | =čn | =2SG.F |
sw | sw | 3SG.M | =sw | =3SG.M |
s(j) / sï | sï | 3SG.F | =sï | =3SG.F |
n | n | 1PL | =n | =1PL |
ṯn / tn | ṯn | 2PL | =čn | =2PL |
sn | sn | 3PL | =sn | =3PL |
st | st | 3COLL | =st | =3COLL |
Independent personal pronouns[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
jnk | jnk | 1SG | jnk | 1SG |
ntk | ntk | 2SG.M | nt:k | 2SG.M |
ntṯ / ntt | ntṯ | 2SG.F | nt:č | 2SG.F |
ntf | ntf | 3SG.M | nt:f | 3SG.M |
nts | nts | 3SG.F | nt:s | 3SG.F |
*jnn | jnn | 1PL | jnn | 1PL |
ntn | ntn | 1PL | nt:n | 1PL |
ntṯn / nttn | ntṯn | 2PL | nt:čn | 2PL |
ntsn | ntsn | 3PL | nt:sn | 3PL |
Old Egyptian | ||||
ṯwt | ṯwt | 2SG.M | čwt | 2SG.M |
ṯmt | ṯmt | 2SG.F | čmt | 2SG.F |
swt | swt | 3SG.M | swt | 3SG.M |
stt | stt | 3SG.F | stt | 3SG.F |
Middle Egyptian | ||||
ṯwt / twt | ṯwt | 2SG | čwt | 2SG |
swt | swt | 3SG | swt | 3SG |
Neo-Middle Egyptian | ||||
ṯwt / twt | ṯwt | 2/3SG [1] | čwt | 2/3SG [1] |
swt | swt | swt |
Demonstrative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Neutral | ||||
pw | pw | this:M | pw | DEM:M.SG |
tw | tw | this:F | tw | DEM:F.SG |
nw | nw | this | nw | DEM:C |
nw n(j) | nw_nï | these | nw_nï | DEM:PL |
jpw | jpw | these:M | jpw | DEM.PL:M |
jptw | jptw | these:F | jptw | DEM.PL:F |
Proximal (older form) | ||||
pn | pn | this:M | pn | DEM.PROX:M.SG |
tn | tn | this:F | tn | DEM.PROX:F.SG |
nn | nn | this | nn | DEM.PROX:C |
nn n(j) | nn_nï | these | nn_nï | DEM.PROX:PL |
jpn | jpn | these:M | jpn | DEM.PL:PROX:M |
jptn | jptn | these:F | jptn | DEM.PL:PROX:F |
Proximal (younger form) | ||||
pꜣ | pꜣ | this:M | pꜣ | DEM.PROX:M.SG |
tꜣ | tꜣ | this:F | tꜣ | DEM.PROX:F.SG |
nꜣ | nꜣ | this | nꜣ | DEM.PROX:C |
nꜣ n(j) | nꜣ_nï | these | nꜣ_nï | DEM.PROX:PL |
Distal | ||||
pf | pf | that:M | pf | DEM.DIST:M.SG |
tf | tf | that:F | tf | DEM.DIST:F.SG |
nf | nf | that | nf | DEM.DIST:C |
nf n(j) | nf_nï | those | nf_nï | DEM.DIST:PL |
jpf | jpf | those:M | jpf | DEM.PL:DIST:M |
jptf | jptf | those:F | jptf | DEM.PL:DIST:F |
Nouns[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
tꜣ | tꜣ | land.M | tꜣ | land(M)[SG] |
tꜣ.w | tꜣ:w | land:M.PL | tꜣ-w | land(M)-PL |
tꜣ.wï | tꜣ:wï | land:M.DU | tꜣ-wï | land(M)-DU |
p.t | p:t | sky:F | p:t | sky:F[SG] |
p.(w)t | p:t (!) | sky:F.PL | p:t (!) | sky:F:PL |
p.tï | p:tï | sky:F.DU | p:tï | sky:F:DU |
jn.w | jn:w | tribute:M | jn:w | tribute:M[SG] (analytic: bring:COLL.M[SG]) |
šn.w | šn:w | circumference:M | šn:w | circumference:M[SG] (analytic: circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG]) |
spr.w | spr:w | petitioner:M | spr:w | petitioner:M[SG] (analytic: petition:AGT.M[SG]) |
wrḏ.w | wrḏ:w | weary_one:M | wrč̣:w | weary_one:M[SG] (analytic: weary:NMLZ.M[SG]) |
šn.wt | šn:wt | royal_entourage:F | šn:wt | royal_entourage:F[SG] (analytic: circumfer:COLL.F) |
ḥz.wt | ḥz:wt | favour:F | ḥz:wt | favour:F[SG] (analytic: praise:ABSTR.F) |
- FAQ
- ‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p:t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’
- The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.
- FAQ
- ‘Why does the glossing show the sequence number–gender in some cases, but gender–number in others?’
- The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–number–gender) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (gender–number). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.
Nominal status constructus[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
tꜣ-jmn.t / tꜣ jmn.t |
tꜣ jmn:t | land.M west:F or land.M:STC west:F |
tꜣ= jmn:t | land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] or land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG] |
nb.t-p.t / nb.t p.t |
nb:t p:t | mistress:F sky:F or mistress:F:STC sky:F |
nb:t= p:t | mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] or mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG] |
Adjectives[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
nfr | nfr | good | nfr | good[M.SG] |
nfr.w | nfr:w | good:M.PL | nfr-w | good-M.PL |
nfr.wï | nfr:wï | good:M.DU | nfr-wï | good-M.DU |
nfr.t | nfr:t | good:F | nfr-t | good-F[SG] |
nfr.(w)t | nfr:t (!) | good:F.PL | nfr-t (!) | good-F:PL |
nfr.tï | nfr:tï | good:F.DU | nfr-tï | good-F:DU |
Ordinal number affix[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
.nw (e.g. 4.nw) | :nw | :ORD | -nw | -ORD |
mḥ | mḥ | ORD | same as advanced |
Existential adjectives[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
wn | wn | existent | same as advanced | |
nn | nn | not_existent | same as advanced |
‘Nisbes’[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j) | jmnt:ï | west:ADJZ | jmnt-ï | west-ADJZ[M.SG] |
jmnt.(j)w | jmnt:ï:w | west:ADJZ:M.PL | jmnt-ï-w | west-ADJZ-M.PL |
jmnt.(j)t | jmnt:ï:t | west:ADJZ:F | jmnt-ï-t | west-ADJZ-F |
ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï | ẖr:ï | under:ADJZ | ẖr-ï | under-ADJZ[M.SG] |
ẖr.(j)w | ẖr:ï:w | under:ADJZ:M.PL | ẖr-ï-w | under-ADJZ-M.PL |
ẖr.(j)t | ẖr:ï:t | under:ADJZ:F | ẖr-ï-t | under-ADJZ-F |
‘Indirect Genitive’[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n(j) | nï | of | nï | of[M.SG] |
n(j).w | nï:w | of:M.PL | nï-w | of-M.PL |
n(j).t | nï:t | of:F | nï-t | of-F |
n(j) (uninflected) | nï | of | nï | of |
Relative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ntï / nt(j) | ntï | REL | ntï | REL[M.SG] |
nt(j).w | ntï:w | REL:M.PL | ntï-w | REL-M.PL |
nt(j).t | ntï:t | REL:F | ntï-t | REL-F |
jwtï / jwt(j) | jwtï | REL.NEG | jwtï | REL.NEG[M.SG] |
jwt(j).w | jwtï:w | REL.NEG:M.PL | jwtï-w | REL.NEG-M.PL |
jwt(j).t | jwtï:t | REL.NEG:F | jwtï-t | REL.NEG-F |
Uninflected verbal forms[edit | edit source]
Infinitive[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
sḏm | sḏm | hear:INF | sč̣m | hear\INF |
s:ꜥnḫ | s:ꜥnḫ | CAUS:live:INF | s-ꜥnḫ | CAUS-live\INF |
s:ḏd | s:ḏd:t | tell:INF | s:č̣ṭ:t | tell\INF |
gmi̯.t | gm:t | find:INF | gm:t | find\INF |
- FAQ
- ‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss gmi̯.t as gm:t gm:t find\INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’
- A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a transfix. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs IIIae inf. like gmi̯ and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like sḏm. With the markup with ‘\’, the encoder makes it clear that the feature INF is not solely present in the .t.
- This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.
‘Complementary Infinitive’[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
sḏm.t | sḏm:t | find:ADV.INF | sč̣m:t | find\ADV.INF |
‘Negatival Complement’[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w | gm:w | find:ADVZ | gm:w | find\ADVZ |
Verbal forms with person/number inflection[edit | edit source]
Imperative[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
gmi̯ | gm | find:IMP | gm | find\IMP |
gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w) | gm:w / gmy:w | find:IMP:PL | gm-w / gmy-w | find\IMP-PL |
m | m | do.not:IMP | m | PROH |
Resultative alias Stative alias ‘Pseudo-participle’[edit | edit source]
- Middle Egyptian
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w) | gm:kw | find:RES:1SG | gm-kw | find\RES-1SG |
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj | gm:tj | find:RES:2SG | gm-tj | find\RES-2SG |
gmi̯ / gmi̯.w |
gm / gm:w |
find:RES:3SG.M | gm / gm-w |
find\RES[3SG.M] / find\RES-3SG.M |
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj | gm:tj | find:RES:3SG.F | gm-tj | find\RES-3SG.F |
*gmi̯.(w)n / *gmi̯.wn | gm:wn | find:RES:1PL | gm-wn | find\RES-1PL |
gmi̯.wïn | gm:wïn | gm-wïn | ||
gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï) | gm:twnï | find:RES:2PL | gm-twnï | find\RES-2PL |
gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w) | gm:w / gmy:w | find:RES:3PL | gm-w / gmy-w | find\RES-3PL |
- Old Egyptian (orthography)
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj | gm:kj | find:RES:1SG | gm-kj | find\RES-1SG |
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj | gm:tj | find:RES:2SG | gm-tj | find\RES-2SG |
gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j) | gm / gm.j | find:RES:3SG.M | gm / gm.j | find\RES[3SG.M] / find\RES:3SG.M |
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj | gm:tj | find:RES:3SG.F | gm-tj | find\RES-3SG.F |
*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn | gm:wn | find:RES:1PL | gm-wn | find\RES-1PL |
gmi̯.twn(j) | gm:twnj | find:RES:2PL | gm-twnj | find\RES-2PL |
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w) | gm:w / gmj:w | find:RES:3PL.M | gm-w / gmj-w | find\RES-3PL.M |
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj | gm:tj | find:RES:3PL.F | gm-tj | find\RES-3PL.F |
Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection[edit | edit source]
‘Suffix Conjugation’[edit | edit source]
Name | Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘Imperfective’ alias ‘Present’ alias ‘Circumstantial’ |
gmi̯ | gm | find:IPFV | gm | find\IPFV |
mꜣ | mꜣ | see:IPFV | mꜣ | see\IPFV | |
‘Subjunctive’ alias ‘Prospective’ |
gmy / gmi̯ | gmy / gm | find:SBJV | gmy / gm | find\SBJV |
jn.t | jnt | fetch:SBJV | jn:t | fetch\SBJV | |
mꜣ | mꜣ | see:SBJV | mꜣ | see\SBJV | |
mꜣn | mꜣn | see:SBJV | mꜣn | see\SBJV | |
nn gmy | nn gmy | not find:SBJV | nn gmy | NEG find\SBJV | |
‘Posterior’ alias ‘Prospective’ alias ‘Future’ |
gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.w) |
gm:w / gm:y | find:POST | gm:w / gm:y | find\POST |
mꜣꜣ | mꜣꜣ | see:POST | mꜣꜣ | see\POST | |
n(j) gmi̯.w | nj gm:w | not find:POST | nj=gm:w | NEG=find\POST | |
‘Anterior’ alias ‘Perfect’ alias ‘Perfective’ |
gmi̯.n | gm:n | find:ANT | gm:n | find\ANT (analytic: find\PFV.ANT) |
mꜣ.n | mꜣ:n | see:ANT | mꜣ:n | see\ANT (analytic: see\PFV.ANT) | |
n(j) gmi̯.n | nj gm:n | not find:PFV (!) | nj=gm:n | NEG=find\PFV | |
‘Perfective’ | gmi̯ | gm | find:PFV | gm | find\PFV ‘Perfective’ |
mꜣ | mꜣ | see:PRV | mꜣ | see\PRV | |
n(j) gmi̯ | nj gm | not find:PFV | nj=gm | NEG=find\PFV | |
‘Completive’ alias ‘Terminative’ |
sḏm.t | sḏm:t | hear:COMPL | sč̣m:t | hear\COMPL |
mꜣꜣ.t | mꜣꜣ:t | see:COMPL | mꜣꜣ:t | see\COMPL | |
nj gmi̯.t | nj gm:t | not find:COMPL | nj=gm:t | NEG=find\COMPL | |
‘Perfective Passive’ alias ‘Passive’ |
gmi̯(.w) | gm:w | find:PFV.PASS | gm:w | find\PFV.PASS |
mꜣ | mꜣ | see:PFV.PASS | mꜣ | see\PFV.PASS | |
n(j) gmi̯(.w) | nj gm:w | not find:PFV.PASS | nj=gm:w | NEG=find\PFV.PASS | |
‘Posterior Passive’ alias ‘Passive’ |
gmi̯.w | gm:w | find:POST.PASS | gm:w | find\POST.PASS |
mꜣ | mꜣ | see:POST.PASS | mꜣ | see\POST.PASS | |
n(j) gmi̯(.w) | nj gm:w | not find:POST.PASS | nj=gm:w | NEG=find\POST.PASS | |
‘Posterior Passive’ alias ‘Prospective Passive’ |
sḏmm | sḏmm | hear:POST.PASS | sč̣m~m | hear~POST.PASS |
mꜣꜣ | mꜣꜣ | see:POST.PASS | mꜣ~ꜣ | see~POST.PASS | |
n(j) sḏmm | nj sḏmm | not hear:POST.PASS | nj=sč̣m~m | NEG=hear~POST.PASS |
Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.
Cf. the following two sentences:
jw gmi̯.n nzw mḏꜣ.t | jw gmi̯.n=f mḏꜣ.t |
jw gmi̯:n nzw mḏꜣ:t | jw gmi̯:n-f mḏꜣ:t |
GRND find\ANT king(M)[SG] writing:F[SG] | GRND find\ANT-3SG.M writing:F[SG] |
‘The king found the manuscript.’ | ‘He found the manuscript.’ |
- FAQ
- ‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ nj sḏm.n=f?’
- The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal sḏm.n=f in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of nj sḏm.n=f specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!)
- FAQ
- ‘Why is it that nj sḏm.n=f does not normally have anterior meaning?’
- The ‘Anterior’ sḏm.n=f is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a perfective form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific phasal aspect. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the action as a whole – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (Bounded Event Constraint), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does never occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the whole action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. [2]
Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’[edit | edit source]
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. [3]
Name | Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘Nominal Anterior’ alias ‘Nominal Perfective’ alias ‘Nominal Perfect’ |
gmi̯.n | gm:n | find:NMLZ:ANT | gm:n | find\NMLZ:ANT |
‘Nominal Imperfective’ alias ‘Nominal Present’ |
gmm | gmm | find:NMLZ:IPFV | gm~m | find\NMLZ~IPFV |
sḏm | sḏm | hear:NMLZ.IPFV | sč̣m | hear\NMLZ.IPFV | |
‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’ | gmy / gm(y) | gmy / gm | find:NMLZ | gmy, gm | find\NMLZ |
Consecutive verb forms, alias ‘Contingent verb forms’[edit | edit source]
Name | Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘Consecutive’ | gmi̯.jn | gm:jn | find:CNSV | gm:jn | find\CNSV |
(‘Perfective Consecutive’) | gmi̯.jn | gm-jn | find\PRV-CNSV | ||
(‘Imperfective Consecutive’) | gmi̯.jn | gm-jn | find\IPFV-CNSV | ||
(‘Posterior Consecutive’) | gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn | gm:w-jn | find\POST-CNSV | ||
‘Obligative’ | gmi̯.ḫr | gm:ḫr | find:OBLV | gm:ḫr | find\OBLV |
(‘Imperfective Obligative’) | gmi̯.ḫr | gm-ḫr | find\IPFV-OBLV | ||
(‘Subjunctive Obligative’) | gm(y).ḫr | gmy-ḫr | find\SBJV-OBLV | ||
‘Potentialis’ | gmi̯.kꜣ | gm:kꜣ | find:CNSV.POT | gm:kꜣ | find\CNSV.POT |
(‘Posterior Potentialis’) | gmi̯(.w).kꜣ / gmi̯.w.kꜣ | gm:w-kꜣ | find\POST-CNSV.POT | ||
(‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) | gm(y).kꜣ | gmy-kꜣ | find\SBJV-CNSV.POT |
Passive suffix[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Middle Egyptian (orthography) | ||||
.t(w) / .tw | :tw | :PASS | -tw (or -t) | -PASS |
Old Egyptian (orthography) | ||||
.t(j) / .tj | :tj | :PASS | -tj (or -t) | -PASS |
Auxiliary verbs[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
tm | tm | not_do | same as advanced | |
pꜣw / pꜣ(w) | pꜣw | did | same as advanced |
Adjectival verbal forms[edit | edit source]
‘Relative Forms’[edit | edit source]
Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
‘Anterior Relative Form’ alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’ alias ‘Relative Form Perfect’ | ||||
gmi̯.n | gm:n | find:REL:ANT | gm:n | find\REL[M]:ANT |
gmi̯.t.n | gm:t:n | find:REL:F:ANT | gm:t:n | find\REL:F:ANT |
‘Imperfective Relative Form’ | ||||
gmm.w / gmm(.w) | gmm:w | find:REL.IPFV:M | gm~m-w | find~REL.IPFV-M[SG] |
gmm.w / gmm.w(w) | gmm:w | find:REL.IPFV:M.PL | gm~m-ww (!) | find~REL.IPFV-M:PL |
sḏm.w / sḏm(.w) | sḏm:w | hear:REL.IPFV:M | sč̣m-w | hear\REL.IPFV-M[SG] |
sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w) | sḏm:w | hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL | sč̣m-ww (!) | hear\REL.IPFV-M:PL |
gmm.t | gmm:t | find:REL.IPFV:F | gm~m-t | find~REL.IPFV-F |
sḏm.t | sḏm:t | hear:REL.IPFV:F | sč̣m-t | hear\REL.IPFV-F |
‘Clère’s relative form’ alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’ | ||||
gmy / gm(y) | gmy | find:REL | gmy | find\REL[M.SG] |
gmy(.w) / gm(y).w | gmy:w | find:REL:M.PL | gmy-w | find\REL-M.PL |
gm(y).t / gmy.t | gmy:t | find:REL:F | gmy-t | find\REL-F |
Participles[edit | edit source]
- Unabbreviated
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
‘Neutral participle active’ alias ‘Perfective participle active’ | ||||
gmi̯ | gm | find:PTCP.ACT | gm | find\PTCP.ACT[M.SG] |
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w | gm:w | find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL | gm-w | find\PTCP.ACT-M.PL |
gmi̯.t | gm:t | find:PTCP.ACT:F | gm-t | find\PTCP.ACT-F |
‘Neutral participle passive’ alias ‘Perfective participle passive’ | ||||
gmy / gm(y) | gmy | find:PTCP.PASS | gmy | find\PTCP.PASS[M.SG] |
gmy(.w) / gm(y).w | gmy:w | find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL | gmy-w | find\PTCP.PASS-M.PL |
gm(y).t / gmy.t | gmy:t | find:PTCP.PASS:F | gmy-t | find\PTCP.PASS-F |
‘Distributive participle active’ alias ‘Imperfective participle active’ | ||||
gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y | gmm:ï , gmm:y | find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT | gm~m:ï , gm~m:y | find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG] |
gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w | gmm:y:w | find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL | gm~m:y-w | find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL |
gmm.t | gmm:t | find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F | gm~m-t | find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F |
sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y | sḏm:ï , sḏm:y | hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT | sč̣m:ï , sč̣m:y | hear\PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG] |
sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) | sḏm:y:w | hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL (abbr.: hear:PDA:M.PL) |
sč̣m:y-w | hear\PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL |
sḏm.t | sḏm:t | hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F | sč̣m-t | hear\PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F |
‘Distributive participle passive’ alias ‘Imperfective participle passive’ | ||||
gmm.w / gmm(.w) | gmm:w | find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M | gm~m-w | find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG] |
gmm.w / gmm.w(w) | gmm:w | find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL | gm~m-ww (!) | find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL |
gmm.t | gmm:t | find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F | gm~m-t | find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F |
sḏm.w / sḏm(.w) | sḏm:w | hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M | sč̣m-w | hear\PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG] |
sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w) | sḏm:w | hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL | sč̣m-ww (!) | hear\PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL |
sḏm.t | sḏm:t | hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F | sč̣m-t | hear\PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F |
‘Posterior participle’ alias ‘Prospective participle’ | ||||
gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y) | gm:y | find:PTCP.POST:M | gm:y | find\PTCP.POST:M |
gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j) | gm:t:j | find:PTCP.POST:F | gm:t:j | find\PTCP.POST:F |
‘Posterior verbal adjective’ alias ‘Prospective verbal adjective’ | ||||
gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f | gm:tï:f | find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG | gm:tï:f | find\PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG |
gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s | gm:tï:s | find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG | gm:tï:s | find\PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG |
gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn | gm:tï:sn | find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL | gm:tï:sn | find\PTCP.POST.ACT:PL |
- Abbreviated
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
‘Neutral participle active’ alias ‘Perfective participle active’ | ||||
gmi̯ | gm | find:PA | gm | find\PA[M.SG] |
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w | gm:w | find:PA:M.PL | gm-w | find\PA-M.PL |
gmi̯.t | gm:t | find:PA:F | gm-t | find\PA-F |
‘Neutral participle passive’ alias ‘Perfective participle passive’ | ||||
gmy / gm(y) | gmy | find:PP | gmy | find\PP[M.SG] |
gmy(.w) / gm(y).w | gmy:w | find:PP:M.PL | gmy-w | find\PP-M.PL |
gm(y).t / gmy.t | gmy:t | find:PP:F | gmy-t | find\PP-F |
‘Distributive participle active’ alias ‘Imperfective participle active’ | ||||
gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y | gmm:ï , gmm:y | find:PDA | gm~m:ï , gm~m:y | find~PDA[M.SG] |
gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w | gmm:y:w | find:PDA:M.PL | gm~m:y-w | find~PDA-M.PL |
gmm.t | gmm:t | find:PDA:F | gm~m-t | find~PDA-F |
sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y | sḏm:ï , sḏm:y | hear:PDA | sč̣m:ï , sč̣m:y | hear\PDA[M.SG] |
sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) / | sḏm:y:w | hear:PDA:M.PL | sč̣m:y-w | hear\PDA-M.PL |
sḏm.t | sḏm:t | hear:PDA:F | sč̣m-t | hear\PDA-F |
‘Distributive participle passive’ alias ‘Imperfective participle passive’ | ||||
gmm.w / gmm(.w) | gmm:w | find:PDP:M | gm~m-w | find~PDP-M[SG] |
gmm.w / gmm.w(w) | gmm:w | find:PDP:M:PL | gm~m-ww (!) | find~PDP-M:PL |
gmm.t | gmm:t | find:PDP:F | gm~m-t | find~PDP-F |
sḏm.w / sḏm(.w) | sḏm:w | hear:PDP:M | sč̣m-w | hear\PDP-M[SG] |
sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w) | sḏm:w | hear:PDP:M:PL | sč̣m-ww (!) | hear\PDP-M:PL |
sḏm.t | sḏm:t | hear:PDP:F | sč̣m-t | hear\PDP-F |
‘Posterior participle’ alias ‘Prospective participle’ | ||||
gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y) | gm:y | find:PPO:M | gm:y | find\PPO:M |
gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j) | gm:t:j | find:PPO:F | gm:t:j | find\PPO:F |
‘Posterior verbal adjective’ alias ‘Prospective verbal adjective’ | ||||
gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f | gm:tï:f | find:PPA:M.SG | gm:tï:f | find\PPA:M.SG |
gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s | gm:tï:s | find:PPA:F.SG | gm:tï:s | find\PPA:F.SG |
gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn | gm:tï:sn | find:PPA:PL | gm:tï:sn | find\PPA:PL |
Particles and function words[edit | edit source]
Prepositions[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
r (STN) | r | to / against / attached [4] / as_for | r= | ALL= / against= / ATTD= [4] / as_for= |
jr= / r= (STPR) | jr- / r- | to- / against- / attached- [4] / as_for- | r- | ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for- |
n (STN) | n | for / due_to | n= | BEN= / due_to= |
n= (STPR) | n- | for- / due_to- | n- | BEN- / due_to- |
m (STN) | m | in / from [4] / made_of / as / with | m= | INESS= / ABL= [4] / made_of= / as= / with= |
jm= (STPR) | m- | in- / from- [4] / made_of- / as- / with- | jm- | INESS- / ABL- [4] / made_of- / as- / with- |
ḥr | ḥr | on / above / at / because_of | ḥr | SUPR [4] / at / because_of |
dp (trad. tp)[5] | dp | upon / on / ahead [4] | ṭp | upon / on / ahead [4] |
ẖr | ẖr | under / below / with | ẖr | INFR [4] / with |
Autonomous and enclitic particles[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
j | j | EXLM | same as advanced | |
jw | jw | GRND / CORD | same as advanced | |
jwt | jwt | that_not | jwt | COMP.NEG |
jn | jn | Q | same as advanced | |
jn | jn | by | jn | AGT |
jr | jr | as_for | jr | TOPZ |
js | js | FOCZ | =js | =FOCZ |
ꜥḥꜥ.n | ꜥḥꜥ:n | then | ꜥḥꜥ:n | CJVB:ANT |
.wï (adjectival clause) | :wï | :EXLM | -wï | -EXLM |
wn.jn | wn:jn | then | wn:jn | CJVB:CNSV |
wnt | wnt | that | wnt | COMP |
pw (nominal clause) | pw | this | =pw | =DEM.C |
m=k | m:k | look.IMP:2SG.M | m-k | ATTN-2SG.M |
m=ṯ | m:ṯ | look.IMP:2SG.F | m-č | ATTN-2SG.F |
m=ṯn | m:ṯn | look.IMP:2PL | m-čn | ATTN-2PL |
n(j) | nj | not | nj= | NEG= |
n(j) ... js | nj ... js | not1 ... not1 | nj= ... js | NEG1= ... NEG1 |
nn | nn | not / non_existent | nn | NEG / non_existent |
ntt | ntt | that | ntt | COMP |
ḥwï / ḥw(ï) | ḥwï | same as advanced | ||
ḥꜣ | ḥꜣ | MODP | same as advanced | |
ḫr | ḫr | OBLV | same as advanced | |
sk , jsṯ , ... | sk , jsṯ , ... | SBRD / meanwhile | sk , jsč , ... | SBRD / meanwhile |
tj | tj | SBRD / while | same as advanced | |
kꜣ | kꜣ | CNSV.POT | same as advanced |
Adverbs[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ꜥꜣ | ꜥꜣ | here | same as advanced | |
jm | jm | there | same as advanced | |
wr.t | wr:t | very | wr:t | very:ADVZ |
Selected clause patterns[edit | edit source]
Trad. | Advanced | Expert | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
jw=s sḏm=s | jw:s sḏm:s | GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F | jw-s sč̣m-s | GRND-3SG.F hear\IPFV-3SG.F |
jw sḏm.n=s | jw sḏm:n:s | GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F | jw sč̣m:n-s | GRND hear\ANT-3SG.F |
nzw ḥr gmi̯.t | nzw ḥr gm:t | king.M at find:INF | nzw ḥr gm:t | king(M)[SG] at find\INF |
jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t | jw nzw ḥr gm:t | GRND king.M at find:INF | jw nzw ḥr gm:t | GRND king(M)[SG] at find\INF |
jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t | jw:f ḥr gm:t | GRND:3SG.M at find:INF | jw-f ḥr gm:t | GRND-3SG.M at find\INF |
nzw m jyi̯.t | nzw m jy:t | king.M in come:INF | nzw m= jy:t | king(M)[SG] in= come\INF |
nzw r gmi̯.t | nzw r gm:t | king.M to find:INF | nzw r= gm:t | king(M)[SG] to= find\INF |
jw nzw r gmi̯.t | jw nzw r gm:t | GRND king.M to find:INF | jw nzw r= gm:t | GRND king(M)[SG] to= find\INF |
jw=f r gmi̯.t | jw:f r gm:t | GRND:3SG.M to find:INF | jw-f r= gm:t | GRND-3SG.M to= find\INF |
(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t | jḫ:t pw nfr:t | thing:F DEM.C good:F | jḫ:t =pw nfr:t | thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG] |
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Werning, Daniel A. (2013). Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review. In: Gerald Moers et al. (eds.), Dating Egyptian Literary Texts (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0.
- ↑ Werning, Daniel A. (2008) Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian sḏm.n=f, in: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.
- ↑ Werning, Daniel A. (2014). Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: Eitan Grossman et al. (eds.), On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar, Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Werning, Daniel A. (2012) Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E.
- ↑ Werning. Daniel A. (2004) The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger). In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12 p. 183–203. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 17: 243–266. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D.
- Grammars
- Allen, James P. (2010) Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read online)
- Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique, Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
- Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift, 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.