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Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (&alpha;), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''<span class="translit"></span>''), Semitic Ain (''<span class="translit">ꜥ</span>''), Egyptological Alif (''<span class="translit">ꜣ</span>'').
Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (&alpha;), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''''), Egyptological Alif ('''').


In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)  
In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)  
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| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū  
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū  
|-
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman <br/>Arial Unicode MS <br/>[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] <br/>[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] <br/>[http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] <br/>[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] <br/>[http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] <br/>[http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>  
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>  
|-
|-
| Ancient&nbsp;Egyptian&nbsp;<ref>Daniel A. Werning. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Page [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen&oldid=194817459#Unicode Ägyptische Hieroglyphen], in: ''Wikipedia, Die freie Enzyklopädie'', State of: 11.Dez.2019, 11:32 UTC..</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] <br/>[http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
| Ancient&nbsp;Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', PID http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#In_der_elektronischen_Datenverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] <br/>[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode'']&nbsp;<ref>Note that New Athena Unicode  uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <span style="font-family:New Athena Unicode"><big><big>   </big></big></span>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> <br/>[http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode'']  || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.  
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <span style="font-family:New Athena Unicode"><big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big></span> <br/>{{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] <br/>for some few characters:}} e.g. <span style="font-family:New Athena Unicode"><big><big>   </big></big></span>.  
|-
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman <br/>Arial Unicode MS <br/>[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] <br/>[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] <br/>[http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS <br/>[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] <br/>[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}
|}


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====Ready layouts====
====Ready layouts====


* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.
* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aegy_anoa/utilities/.


=== Unicode character programs and links ===  
=== Unicode character programs and links ===  
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Character !! Unicode <br/>number !! Character  !! Unicode <br/>number !! Languages  
! Character !! Unicode <br/>number !! Character  !! Unicode <br/>number !! Fonts !! Languages  
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}}&nbsp;<ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}}&nbsp;<ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2A|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'&U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big></big></big> || U+A7BD || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || U+A7BC || Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big></big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big></big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big></big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big></big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big></big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big></big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>&#x2E22;</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>&#x2E23;</big></big> || U+2E23||  text critical markup
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big></big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>&#x27E8;</big></big> || U+27E8 || class="translit" | <big><big>&#x27E9;</big></big> || U+27E9|| text critical markup


|}
|}
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