Glossing Abbreviations

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Kernel abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning References
1 first person LGR (2008)
2 second person LGR (2008)
3 third person LGR (2008)
A agent-like argument of a
canonical transitive verb
LGR (2008)
ABL ablative LGR (2008)
ABL absolutive LGR (2008)
ABSTR abstract Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ACC accusative LGR (2008)
ACT active Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ADJ adjective LGR (2008)
ADJZ adjectivizer, adjectivization Shopen (2007: xvii): ADJ; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ADV adverb, adverbial LGR (2008)
ADVZ adverbializer, adverbialization Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
AGR agreement LGR (2008)
AGT agent marker Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ALL allative LGR (2008)
ANT anterior Binnick (2001: 559); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 54, 61, 78); Shopen (2007: xviii); Werning (2008)
ANTIP antipassive LGR (2008)
AOR aorist Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
APPL applicative LGR (2008)
ART article LGR (2008)
ASPT aspect (grammatical)
ATT attachment, attached Werning (2012): ATTACHED; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): ATTD
ATTN attention marker Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
AUX auxiliary LGR (2008)
BEN benefactive LGR (2008)
BS base Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
C communis (common gender)
CAUS causative LGR (2008)
CJVB conjunctional verb Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
CIRC circumference Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
CLF classifier LGR (2008)
CNSV consecutive Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
CNJ conjunction Bybee et al. (1994: xxi)
COLL collective Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
COM comitative LGR (2008)
COMP complementizer LGR (2008)
COMPL completive LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 57): COMP; compare also: Boland (2006: 48)
COND conditional LGR (2008)
COP copula LGR (2008)
CORD coordinating particle Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
CVB converb LGR (2008)
DAT dative LGR (2008)
DECL declarative LGR (2008)
DEF definite LGR (2008)
DEM demonstrative LGR (2008)
DET determiner LGR (2008)
DIST distal LGR (2008)
DISTR distributive LGR (2008)
DO direct object Shopen (2007: xviii)
DIVN divine name
DU dual LGR (2008)
DUR durative LGR (2008)
ERG ergative LGR (2008)
ELAT elative Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
EXCL exclusive LGR (2008)
EXLM exclamative Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
EXTR exterior Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
F feminine LGR (2008)
FOC focus LGR (2008)
FOCZ focalizer, focalization Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
FUT future LGR (2008); Dahl (1985: 103-108)
GEN genitive LGR (2008)
GODN god or godess‘s name Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): GN; cf. DIVN
GRND ground Shopen (2007: xix): G; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ILL illative Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
INESS inessive Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
IMP imperative LGR (2008)
IMPRS impersonal Shopen (2007: xix): IMP; Bybee et al. (1994: xxi)
INCL inclusive LGR (2008)
INCHO inchoative Bybee et al. (1994: xxi)
IND indicative LGR (2008)
INDF indefinite LGR (2008)
INF infinitive LGR (2008)
INFR inferior Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
INS instrumental LGR (2008)
INT interior
INTR intransitive LGR (2008)
IO indirect object cf. DO
IPFV imperfective LGR (2008); Comrie (1976: 25, 39); compare also: Werning (2008: 275); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): IMPF
IPRF imperfect Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
IRR irrealis LGR (2008)
LOC locative LGR (2008)
M masculine LGR (2008)
MED medium (genus verbi) Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
MELL mellic compare PROS
MCM main clause marker Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
MOD modal, mode Bybee et al. (1994: xxii)
MODP modal particle Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
MP medio-passive Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
N neuter LGR (2008)
N... non- (e.g. NPST non-past) LGR (2008); cf. below
NAM name
NEG negation, negative LGR (2008)
NMLZ nominalizer, nominalization LGR (2008); Shopen (2007: xx): NOMIN
NOM nominative LGR (2008)
OBJ object LGR (2008)
OBL oblique LGR (2008)
OBLV obligative Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): OBL[igation]; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ORD ordinal number Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
P patient-like argument of a
canonical transitive verb
LGR (2008)
PASS passive LGR (2008)
PFV perfective LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 54-55, 83): PERF; Dahl (1985: 78); Timberlake (2007: 304)
PL plural LGR (2008)
PLUPRF pluperfect Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
PN personal name Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
POST posterior (relative tense) Binnick (2001: 559); Werning (2008)
POSS possessive LGR (2008)
POSSED possessed
POT potential Shopen (2007: xxi); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi)
PRED predicative LGR (2008)
PREP preposition Bybee et al. (1994: xxii)
PRF perfect LGR (2008); Dahl (1985: ch.5): PFCT; Timberlake (2007: 304): PF
PROG progressive LGR (2008)
PROH prohibitive LGR (2008)
PROS prospective Binnick (2001: 564); Comrie (1976: 64-65); Dahl (1985: 111-112): PROSP [„be going to“].
→ Synonymous to MELL: Boland (2006: 46), Klein (1994: 108)
PROX proximal, proximate LGR (2008)
PRS present LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): PRES
PRT preterit cf. PST
PST past, preterit LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 55, 82); Dahl (1985: 116-117): PAST; Timberlake (2007: 315)
PTCP participle LGR (2008)
PTCL particle Shopen (2007: xx): PART, PCL; Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): PARTCL; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PURP purposive LGR (2008)
Q question particle/marker LGR (2008)
QUOT quotative LGR (2008)
RECP reciprocal LGR (2008)
REFL reflexive LGR (2008)
REL relative LGR (2008)
RES resultative LGR (2008); Nedjalkov (2001: 928, 930); Bybee et al. (1994: 54, 63)
S single argument of a
canonical intransitive verb
LGR (2008)
SBJ subject LGR (2008)
SBJV subjunctive LGR (2008)
SBRD subordinating particle Shopen (2007: xxi): SUBORD; Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): SUB; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
SIM simultaneous (relative tense) Shopen (2007: xxi); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii)
SP sentence particle Bybee et al. (1994: xxii)
SG singular LGR (2008)
STABS status absolutus Schenkel (2005: 109/110, ch. 5.1.1.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
STAT stative Nedjalkov (2001: 928); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii); Shopen (2007: xxi): STV
STC status constructus Schenkel (2005: 109/110); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
status nominalis → STC
STPR status pronominalis Schenkel (2005: 109/110)
SUPR superior Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii)
TERM themative Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii)
THMZ thematizer, thematization Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
TENS tense
TOP topic LGR (2008)
TOPN toponym Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): TN
TOPZ topicalizer, topicalization Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
TR transitive LGR (2008)
VOC vocative LGR (2008)

Abbreviations of combinations of kernel abbreviations

Abbreviation Equivalent References
1SG/1PL/1DU 1.SG/1.PL/1.DU LGR (2008)
2SG/2PL/2DU 2.SG/2.PL/2.DU LGR (2008)
3SG/3PL/3DU 3.SG/3.PL/3.DU LGR (2008)
N... NON., e.g. NPST = NON.PST LGR (2008)
DATLOC DAT;LOC e.g. in Hittite; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
PA PTCP.ACT e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PA PTCP.ACT e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PDA PTCP.DISTR.ACT e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PDP PTCP.DISTR.PASS e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PF PTCP.FUT e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PIA PTCP.IPFV.ACT e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PIP PTCP.IPFV.PASS e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PP PTCP.PASS e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PPO PTCP.POST e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
TA TENS.ASPT Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii)
TAM TENS.ASPT.MOD Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii)


Bibliography

  • Binnick, Robert I. (2001). Temporality and Aspectuality. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 557-567.
  • Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca (1994). The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Comrie, Bernard (1976). Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dahl, Östen (1985). Tense and Aspect Systems, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 17: 243–266.
  • Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.) (2001). Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20, 2 vols., Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Klein, Wolfgang (1994). Time in Language, London & New York: Routledge.
  • Kutscher, Silvia & Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (forthc.). On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages, Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.
  • Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear morphemic glossing, in: Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas in cooperation with Wolfgang Kesselheim, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK) 17/2, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1834-1857.
  • LGR (2008) = The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses, ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.
  • Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (2001). Resultative Constructions. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 928-941.
  • Schenkel, Wolfgang (2005). Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift, [6th rev. ed.], Tübingen: [W.Sch.].
  • Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (2007). Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3., 2nd [rev.] ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Timberlake, Alan (2007). Aspect, Tense, Mood. In: Shopen (2007), 280-333.
  • Werning, Daniel A. (2008). Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian sḏm.n=f. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 16, 261-292.