Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms

What follows is a list of Earlier Egyptian (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.

Please contribute to the list or to the discussion of the glossing of specific forms.

Grammatical forms[edit | edit source]

Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Personal pronouns[edit | edit source]

‘Suffix pronouns’[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
=j	:j	:1SG	-j	-1SG
=k	:k	:2SG.M	-k	-2SG.M
=ṯ / =t	:ṯ	:2SG.F	-č	-2SG.F
=f	:f	:3SG.M	-f	-3SG.M
=s	:s	:3SG.F	-s	-3SG.F
=n	:n	:1PL	-n	-1PL
=ṯn / =tn	:ṯn	:2PL	-čn	-2PL
=sn	:sn	:3PL	-sn	-3PL
Old Egyptian additionally
=n(j) / =nj	:nj	:1DU	-nj	-1DU
=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj	:ṯnj	:2DU	-čnj	-2DU
=sn(j) / =snj	:snj	:3DU	-snj	-3DU
Later Middle Egyptian additionally
=tw	:tw	:IMPRS	-tw	-IMPRS

‘Enclitic personal pronouns’[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
wj	wj	1SG	=w (!)	=1SG
ṯw / tw	ṯw	2SG.M	=čw	=2SG.M
ṯn / tn	ṯn	2SG.F	=čn	=2SG.F
sw	sw	3SG.M	=sw	=3SG.M
s(j) / sï	sï	3SG.F	=sï	=3SG.F
n	n	1PL	=n	=1PL
ṯn / tn	ṯn	2PL	=čn	=2PL
sn	sn	3PL	=sn	=3PL
st	st	3COLL	=st	=3COLL

Independent personal pronouns[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
jnk	jnk	1SG	jnk	1SG
ntk	ntk	2SG.M	nt:k	2SG.M
ntṯ / ntt	ntṯ	2SG.F	nt:č	2SG.F
ntf	ntf	3SG.M	nt:f	3SG.M
nts	nts	3SG.F	nt:s	3SG.F
*jnn	jnn	1PL	jnn	1PL
ntn	ntn	1PL	nt:n	1PL
ntṯn / nttn	ntṯn	2PL	nt:čn	2PL
ntsn	ntsn	3PL	nt:sn	3PL
Old Egyptian
ṯwt	ṯwt	2SG.M	čwt	2SG.M
ṯmt	ṯmt	2SG.F	čmt	2SG.F
swt	swt	3SG.M	swt	3SG.M
stt	stt	3SG.F	stt	3SG.F
Middle Egyptian
ṯwt / twt	ṯwt	2SG	čwt	2SG
swt	swt	3SG	swt	3SG
Neo-Middle Egyptian
ṯwt / twt	ṯwt	2/3SG ^[1]	čwt	2/3SG ^[1]
swt	swt	2/3SG ^[1]	swt	2/3SG ^[1]

Demonstrative pronouns[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
Neutral
pw	pw	this:M	pw	DEM:M.SG
tw	tw	this:F	tw	DEM:F.SG
nw	nw	this	nw	DEM:C
nw n(j)	nw_nï	these	nw_nï	DEM:PL
jpw	jpw	these:M	jpw	DEM.PL:M
jptw	jptw	these:F	jptw	DEM.PL:F
Proximal (older form)
pn	pn	this:M	pn	DEM.PROX:M.SG
tn	tn	this:F	tn	DEM.PROX:F.SG
nn	nn	this	nn	DEM.PROX:C
nn n(j)	nn_nï	these	nn_nï	DEM.PROX:PL
jpn	jpn	these:M	jpn	DEM.PL:PROX:M
jptn	jptn	these:F	jptn	DEM.PL:PROX:F
Proximal (younger form)
pꜣ	pꜣ	this:M	pꜣ	DEM.PROX:M.SG
tꜣ	tꜣ	this:F	tꜣ	DEM.PROX:F.SG
nꜣ	nꜣ	this	nꜣ	DEM.PROX:C
nꜣ n(j)	nꜣ_nï	these	nꜣ_nï	DEM.PROX:PL
Distal
pf	pf	that:M	pf	DEM.DIST:M.SG
tf	tf	that:F	tf	DEM.DIST:F.SG
nf	nf	that	nf	DEM.DIST:C
nf n(j)	nf_nï	those	nf_nï	DEM.DIST:PL
jpf	jpf	those:M	jpf	DEM.PL:DIST:M
jptf	jptf	those:F	jptf	DEM.PL:DIST:F

Nouns[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
tꜣ	tꜣ	land.M	tꜣ	land(M)[SG]
tꜣ.w	tꜣ:w	land:M.PL	tꜣ-w	land(M)-PL
tꜣ.wï	tꜣ:wï	land:M.DU	tꜣ-wï	land(M)-DU
p.t	p:t	sky:F	p:t	sky:F[SG]
p.(w)t	p:t (!)	sky:F.PL	p:t (!)	sky:F:PL
p.tï	p:tï	sky:F.DU	p:tï	sky:F:DU
jn.w	jn:w	tribute:M	jn:w	tribute:M[SG] (analytic: bring:COLL.M[SG])
šn.w	šn:w	circumference:M	šn:w	circumference:M[SG] (analytic: circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG])
spr.w	spr:w	petitioner:M	spr:w	petitioner:M[SG] (analytic: petition:AGT.M[SG])
wrḏ.w	wrḏ:w	weary_one:M	wrč̣:w	weary_one:M[SG] (analytic: weary:NMLZ.M[SG])
šn.wt	šn:wt	royal_entourage:F	šn:wt	royal_entourage:F[SG] (analytic: circumfer:COLL.F)
ḥz.wt	ḥz:wt	favour:F	ḥz:wt	favour:F[SG] (analytic: praise:ABSTR.F)

FAQ: ‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p:t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’; The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.
FAQ: ‘Why does the glossing show the sequence number–gender in some cases, but gender–number in others?’; The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–number–gender) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (gender–number). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.

Nominal status constructus[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
tꜣ-jmn.t / tꜣ jmn.t	tꜣ jmn:t	land.M west:F or land.M:STC west:F	tꜣ= jmn:t	land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] or land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG]
nb.t-p.t / nb.t p.t	nb:t p:t	mistress:F sky:F or mistress:F:STC sky:F	nb:t= p:t	mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] or mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG]

Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
nfr	nfr	good	nfr	good[M.SG]
nfr.w	nfr:w	good:M.PL	nfr-w	good-M.PL
nfr.wï	nfr:wï	good:M.DU	nfr-wï	good-M.DU
nfr.t	nfr:t	good:F	nfr-t	good-F[SG]
nfr.(w)t	nfr:t (!)	good:F.PL	nfr-t (!)	good-F:PL
nfr.tï	nfr:tï	good:F.DU	nfr-tï	good-F:DU

Ordinal number affix[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
.nw (e.g. 4.nw)	:nw	:ORD	-nw	-ORD
mḥ	mḥ	ORD	same as advanced

Existential adjectives[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
wn	wn	existent	same as advanced
nn	nn	not_existent	same as advanced

‘Nisbes’[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j)	jmnt:ï	west:ADJZ	jmnt-ï	west-ADJZ[M.SG]
jmnt.(j)w	jmnt:ï:w	west:ADJZ:M.PL	jmnt-ï-w	west-ADJZ-M.PL
jmnt.(j)t	jmnt:ï:t	west:ADJZ:F	jmnt-ï-t	west-ADJZ-F
ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï	ẖr:ï	under:ADJZ	ẖr-ï	under-ADJZ[M.SG]
ẖr.(j)w	ẖr:ï:w	under:ADJZ:M.PL	ẖr-ï-w	under-ADJZ-M.PL
ẖr.(j)t	ẖr:ï:t	under:ADJZ:F	ẖr-ï-t	under-ADJZ-F

‘Indirect Genitive’[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
n(j)	nï	of	nï	of[M.SG]
n(j).w	nï:w	of:M.PL	nï-w	of-M.PL
n(j).t	nï:t	of:F	nï-t	of-F
n(j) (uninflected)	nï	of	nï	of

Relative pronouns[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
ntï / nt(j)	ntï	REL	ntï	REL[M.SG]
nt(j).w	ntï:w	REL:M.PL	ntï-w	REL-M.PL
nt(j).t	ntï:t	REL:F	ntï-t	REL-F
jwtï / jwt(j)	jwtï	REL.NEG	jwtï	REL.NEG[M.SG]
jwt(j).w	jwtï:w	REL.NEG:M.PL	jwtï-w	REL.NEG-M.PL
jwt(j).t	jwtï:t	REL.NEG:F	jwtï-t	REL.NEG-F

Uninflected verbal forms[edit | edit source]

Infinitive[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
sḏm	sḏm	hear:INF	sč̣m	hear\INF
s:ꜥnḫ	s:ꜥnḫ	CAUS:live:INF	s-ꜥnḫ	CAUS-live\INF
s:ḏd	s:ḏd:t	tell:INF	s:č̣ṭ:t	tell\INF
gmi̯.t	gm:t	find:INF	gm:t	find\INF

FAQ: ‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss gmi̯.t as gm:t gm:t find\INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’; A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a transfix. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs IIIae inf. like gmi̯ and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like sḏm. With the markup with ‘\’, the encoder makes it clear that the feature INF is not solely present in the .t.; This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.

‘Complementary Infinitive’[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
sḏm.t	sḏm:t	find:ADV.INF	sč̣m:t	find\ADV.INF

‘Negatival Complement’[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w	gm:w	find:ADVZ	gm:w	find\ADVZ

Verbal forms with person/number inflection[edit | edit source]

Imperative[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
gmi̯	gm	find:IMP	gm	find\IMP
gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)	gm:w / gmy:w	find:IMP:PL	gm-w / gmy-w	find\IMP-PL
m	m	do.not:IMP	m	PROH

Resultative alias Stative alias ‘Pseudo-participle’[edit | edit source]

Middle Egyptian

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w)	gm:kw	find:RES:1SG	gm-kw	find\RES-1SG
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj	gm:tj	find:RES:2SG	gm-tj	find\RES-2SG
gmi̯ / gmi̯.w	gm / gm:w	find:RES:3SG.M	gm / gm-w	find\RES[3SG.M] / find\RES-3SG.M
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj	gm:tj	find:RES:3SG.F	gm-tj	find\RES-3SG.F
gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn	gm:wn	find:RES:1PL	gm-wn	find\RES-1PL
gmi̯.wïn	gm:wïn	find:RES:1PL	gm-wïn	find\RES-1PL
gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï)	gm:twnï	find:RES:2PL	gm-twnï	find\RES-2PL
gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)	gm:w / gmy:w	find:RES:3PL	gm-w / gmy-w	find\RES-3PL

Old Egyptian (orthography)

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj	gm:kj	find:RES:1SG	gm-kj	find\RES-1SG
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj	gm:tj	find:RES:2SG	gm-tj	find\RES-2SG
gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j)	gm / gm.j	find:RES:3SG.M	gm / gm.j	find\RES[3SG.M] / find\RES:3SG.M
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj	gm:tj	find:RES:3SG.F	gm-tj	find\RES-3SG.F
*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn	gm:wn	find:RES:1PL	gm-wn	find\RES-1PL
gmi̯.twn(j)	gm:twnj	find:RES:2PL	gm-twnj	find\RES-2PL
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w)	gm:w / gmj:w	find:RES:3PL.M	gm-w / gmj-w	find\RES-3PL.M
gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj	gm:tj	find:RES:3PL.F	gm-tj	find\RES-3PL.F

Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection[edit | edit source]

‘Suffix Conjugation’[edit | edit source]

Name	Trad.	Advanced		Expert
‘Imperfective’ alias ‘Present’ alias ‘Circumstantial’	gmi̯	gm	find:IPFV	gm	find\IPFV
	mꜣ	mꜣ	see:IPFV	mꜣ	see\IPFV
‘Subjunctive’ alias ‘Prospective’	gmy / gmi̯	gmy / gm	find:SBJV	gmy / gm	find\SBJV
	jn.t	jnt	fetch:SBJV	jn:t	fetch\SBJV
	mꜣ	mꜣ	see:SBJV	mꜣ	see\SBJV
	mꜣn	mꜣn	see:SBJV	mꜣn	see\SBJV
	nn gmy	nn gmy	not find:SBJV	nn gmy	NEG find\SBJV
‘Posterior’ alias ‘Prospective’ alias ‘Future’	gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.w)	gm:w / gm:y	find:POST	gm:w / gm:y	find\POST
	mꜣꜣ	mꜣꜣ	see:POST	mꜣꜣ	see\POST
	n(j) gmi̯.w	nj gm:w	not find:POST	nj=gm:w	NEG=find\POST
‘Anterior’ alias ‘Perfect’ alias ‘Perfective’	gmi̯.n	gm:n	find:ANT	gm:n	find\ANT (analytic: find\PFV.ANT)
	mꜣ.n	mꜣ:n	see:ANT	mꜣ:n	see\ANT (analytic: see\PFV.ANT)
	n(j) gmi̯.n	nj gm:n	not find:PFV (!)	nj=gm:n	NEG=find\PFV~~.ANT~~ (!)
‘Perfective’	gmi̯	gm	find:PFV	gm	find\PFV ‘Perfective’
	mꜣ	mꜣ	see:PRV	mꜣ	see\PRV
	n(j) gmi̯	nj gm	not find:PFV	nj=gm	NEG=find\PFV
‘Completive’ alias ‘Terminative’	sḏm.t	sḏm:t	hear:COMPL	sč̣m:t	hear\COMPL
	mꜣꜣ.t	mꜣꜣ:t	see:COMPL	mꜣꜣ:t	see\COMPL
	nj gmi̯.t	nj gm:t	not find:COMPL	nj=gm:t	NEG=find\COMPL
‘Perfective Passive’ alias ‘Passive’	gmi̯(.w)	gm:w	find:PFV.PASS	gm:w	find\PFV.PASS
	mꜣ	mꜣ	see:PFV.PASS	mꜣ	see\PFV.PASS
	n(j) gmi̯(.w)	nj gm:w	not find:PFV.PASS	nj=gm:w	NEG=find\PFV.PASS
‘Posterior Passive’ alias ‘Passive’	gmi̯.w	gm:w	find:POST.PASS	gm:w	find\POST.PASS
	mꜣ	mꜣ	see:POST.PASS	mꜣ	see\POST.PASS
	n(j) gmi̯(.w)	nj gm:w	not find:POST.PASS	nj=gm:w	NEG=find\POST.PASS
‘Posterior Passive’ alias ‘Prospective Passive’	sḏmm	sḏmm	hear:POST.PASS	sč̣m~m	hear~POST.PASS
	mꜣꜣ	mꜣꜣ	see:POST.PASS	mꜣ~ꜣ	see~POST.PASS
	n(j) sḏmm	nj sḏmm	not hear:POST.PASS	nj=sč̣m~m	NEG=hear~POST.PASS

Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.

Cf. the following two sentences:

jw gmi̯.n nzw* mḏꜣ.t*	jw gmi̯.n=f mḏꜣ.t
jw gmi̯:n nzw mḏꜣ:t	jw gmi̯:n-f mḏꜣ:t
GRND find\ANT king(M)[SG] writing:F[SG]	GRND find\ANT-3SG.M writing:F[SG]
‘The king found the manuscript.’	‘He found the manuscript.’

FAQ: ‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ nj sḏm.n=f?’; The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal sḏm.n=f in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of nj sḏm.n=f specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!)
FAQ: ‘Why is it that nj sḏm.n=f does not normally have anterior meaning?’; The ‘Anterior’ sḏm.n=f is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a perfective form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific phasal aspect. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the action as a whole – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (Bounded Event Constraint), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does never occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the whole action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. ^[2]

Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’[edit | edit source]

Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. ^[3]

Name	Trad.	Advanced		Expert
‘Nominal Anterior’ alias ‘Nominal Perfective’ alias ‘Nominal Perfect’	gmi̯.n	gm:n	find:NMLZ:ANT	gm:n	find\NMLZ:ANT
‘Nominal Imperfective’ alias ‘Nominal Present’	gmm	gmm	find:NMLZ:IPFV	gm~m	find\NMLZ~IPFV
‘Nominal Imperfective’ alias ‘Nominal Present’	sḏm	sḏm	hear:NMLZ.IPFV	sč̣m	hear\NMLZ.IPFV
‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’	gmy / gm(y)	gmy / gm	find:NMLZ	gmy, gm	find\NMLZ

Consecutive verb forms, alias ‘Contingent verb forms’[edit | edit source]

Name	Trad.	Advanced		Expert
‘Consecutive’	gmi̯.jn	gm:jn	find:CNSV	gm:jn	find\CNSV
(‘Perfective Consecutive’)	gmi̯.jn			gm-jn	find\PRV-CNSV
(‘Imperfective Consecutive’)	gmi̯.jn			gm-jn	find\IPFV-CNSV
(‘Posterior Consecutive’)	gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn			gm:w-jn	find\POST-CNSV
‘Obligative’	gmi̯.ḫr	gm:ḫr	find:OBLV	gm:ḫr	find\OBLV
(‘Imperfective Obligative’)	gmi̯.ḫr			gm-ḫr	find\IPFV-OBLV
(‘Subjunctive Obligative’)	gm(y).ḫr			gmy-ḫr	find\SBJV-OBLV
‘Potentialis’	gmi̯.kꜣ	gm:kꜣ	find:CNSV.POT	gm:kꜣ	find\CNSV.POT
(‘Posterior Potentialis’)	gmi̯(.w).kꜣ / gmi̯.w.kꜣ			gm:w-kꜣ	find\POST-CNSV.POT
(‘Subjunctive Potentialis’)	gm(y).kꜣ			gmy-kꜣ	find\SBJV-CNSV.POT

Passive suffix[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
Middle Egyptian (orthography)
.t(w) / .tw	:tw	:PASS	-tw (or -t)	-PASS
Old Egyptian (orthography)
.t(j) / .tj	:tj	:PASS	-tj (or -t)	-PASS

Auxiliary verbs[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
tm	tm	not_do	same as advanced
pꜣw / pꜣ(w)	pꜣw	did	same as advanced

Adjectival verbal forms[edit | edit source]

‘Relative Forms’[edit | edit source]

Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
‘Anterior Relative Form’ alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’ alias ‘Relative Form Perfect’
gmi̯.n	gm:n	find:REL:ANT	gm:n	find\REL[M]:ANT
gmi̯.t.n	gm:t:n	find:REL:F:ANT	gm:t:n	find\REL:F:ANT
‘Imperfective Relative Form’
gmm.w / gmm(.w)	gmm:w	find:REL.IPFV:M	gm~m-w	find~REL.IPFV-M[SG]
gmm.w / gmm.w(w)	gmm:w	find:REL.IPFV:M.PL	gm~m-ww (!)	find~REL.IPFV-M:PL
sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)	sḏm:w	hear:REL.IPFV:M	sč̣m-w	hear\REL.IPFV-M[SG]
sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)	sḏm:w	hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL	sč̣m-ww (!)	hear\REL.IPFV-M:PL
gmm.t	gmm:t	find:REL.IPFV:F	gm~m-t	find~REL.IPFV-F
sḏm.t	sḏm:t	hear:REL.IPFV:F	sč̣m-t	hear\REL.IPFV-F
*‘Clère’s relative form’* alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’
gmy / gm(y)	gmy	find:REL	gmy	find\REL[M.SG]
gmy(.w) / gm(y).w	gmy:w	find:REL:M.PL	gmy-w	find\REL-M.PL
gm(y).t / gmy.t	gmy:t	find:REL:F	gmy-t	find\REL-F

Participles[edit | edit source]

Unabbreviated

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
‘Neutral participle active’ alias ‘Perfective participle active’
gmi̯	gm	find:PTCP.ACT	gm	find\PTCP.ACT[M.SG]
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w	gm:w	find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL	gm-w	find\PTCP.ACT-M.PL
gmi̯.t	gm:t	find:PTCP.ACT:F	gm-t	find\PTCP.ACT-F
‘Neutral participle passive’ alias ‘Perfective participle passive’
gmy / gm(y)	gmy	find:PTCP.PASS	gmy	find\PTCP.PASS[M.SG]
gmy(.w) / gm(y).w	gmy:w	find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL	gmy-w	find\PTCP.PASS-M.PL
gm(y).t / gmy.t	gmy:t	find:PTCP.PASS:F	gmy-t	find\PTCP.PASS-F
‘Distributive participle active’ alias ‘Imperfective participle active’
gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y	gmm:ï , gmm:y	find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT	gm~m:ï , gm~m:y	find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w	gmm:y:w	find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL	gm~m:y-w	find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL
gmm.t	gmm:t	find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F	gm~m-t	find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F
sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y	sḏm:ï , sḏm:y	hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT	sč̣m:ï , sč̣m:y	hear\PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w)	sḏm:y:w	hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL (abbr.: hear:PDA:M.PL)	sč̣m:y-w	hear\PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL
sḏm.t	sḏm:t	hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F	sč̣m-t	hear\PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F
‘Distributive participle passive’ alias ‘Imperfective participle passive’
gmm.w / gmm(.w)	gmm:w	find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M	gm~m-w	find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
gmm.w / gmm.w(w)	gmm:w	find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL	gm~m-ww (!)	find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL
gmm.t	gmm:t	find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F	gm~m-t	find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F
sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)	sḏm:w	hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M	sč̣m-w	hear\PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)	sḏm:w	hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL	sč̣m-ww (!)	hear\PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL
sḏm.t	sḏm:t	hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F	sč̣m-t	hear\PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F
‘Posterior participle’ alias ‘Prospective participle’
gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)	gm:y	find:PTCP.POST:M	gm:y	find\PTCP.POST:M
gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)	gm:t:j	find:PTCP.POST:F	gm:t:j	find\PTCP.POST:F
‘Posterior verbal adjective’ alias ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f	gm:tï:f	find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG	gm:tï:f	find\PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG
gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s	gm:tï:s	find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG	gm:tï:s	find\PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG
gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn	gm:tï:sn	find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL	gm:tï:sn	find\PTCP.POST.ACT:PL

Abbreviated

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
‘Neutral participle active’ alias ‘Perfective participle active’
gmi̯	gm	find:PA	gm	find\PA[M.SG]
gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w	gm:w	find:PA:M.PL	gm-w	find\PA-M.PL
gmi̯.t	gm:t	find:PA:F	gm-t	find\PA-F
‘Neutral participle passive’ alias ‘Perfective participle passive’
gmy / gm(y)	gmy	find:PP	gmy	find\PP[M.SG]
gmy(.w) / gm(y).w	gmy:w	find:PP:M.PL	gmy-w	find\PP-M.PL
gm(y).t / gmy.t	gmy:t	find:PP:F	gmy-t	find\PP-F
‘Distributive participle active’ alias ‘Imperfective participle active’
gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y	gmm:ï , gmm:y	find:PDA	gm~m:ï , gm~m:y	find~PDA[M.SG]
gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w	gmm:y:w	find:PDA:M.PL	gm~m:y-w	find~PDA-M.PL
gmm.t	gmm:t	find:PDA:F	gm~m-t	find~PDA-F
sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y	sḏm:ï , sḏm:y	hear:PDA	sč̣m:ï , sč̣m:y	hear\PDA[M.SG]
sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) /	sḏm:y:w	hear:PDA:M.PL	sč̣m:y-w	hear\PDA-M.PL
sḏm.t	sḏm:t	hear:PDA:F	sč̣m-t	hear\PDA-F
‘Distributive participle passive’ alias ‘Imperfective participle passive’
gmm.w / gmm(.w)	gmm:w	find:PDP:M	gm~m-w	find~PDP-M[SG]
gmm.w / gmm.w(w)	gmm:w	find:PDP:M:PL	gm~m-ww (!)	find~PDP-M:PL
gmm.t	gmm:t	find:PDP:F	gm~m-t	find~PDP-F
sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)	sḏm:w	hear:PDP:M	sč̣m-w	hear\PDP-M[SG]
sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)	sḏm:w	hear:PDP:M:PL	sč̣m-ww (!)	hear\PDP-M:PL
sḏm.t	sḏm:t	hear:PDP:F	sč̣m-t	hear\PDP-F
‘Posterior participle’ alias ‘Prospective participle’
gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)	gm:y	find:PPO:M	gm:y	find\PPO:M
gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)	gm:t:j	find:PPO:F	gm:t:j	find\PPO:F
‘Posterior verbal adjective’ alias ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f	gm:tï:f	find:PPA:M.SG	gm:tï:f	find\PPA:M.SG
gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s	gm:tï:s	find:PPA:F.SG	gm:tï:s	find\PPA:F.SG
gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn	gm:tï:sn	find:PPA:PL	gm:tï:sn	find\PPA:PL

Particles and function words[edit | edit source]

Prepositions[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
r (STN)	r	to / against / attached ^[4] / as_for	r=	ALL= / against= / ATTD= ^[4] / as_for=
jr= / r= (STPR)	jr- / r-	to- / against- / attached- ^[4] / as_for-	r-	ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for-
n (STN)	n	for / due_to	n=	BEN= / due_to=
n= (STPR)	n-	for- / due_to-	n-	BEN- / due_to-
m (STN)	m	in / from ^[4] / made_of / as / with	m=	INESS= / ABL= ^[4] / made_of= / as= / with=
jm= (STPR)	m-	in- / from- ^[4] / made_of- / as- / with-	jm-	INESS- / ABL- ^[4] / made_of- / as- / with-
ḥr	ḥr	on / above / at / because_of	ḥr	SUPR ^[4] / at / because_of
dp (trad. tp)^[5]	dp	upon / on / ahead ^[4]	ṭp	upon / on / ahead ^[4]
ẖr	ẖr	under / below / with	ẖr	INFR ^[4] / with

Autonomous and enclitic particles[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
j	j	EXLM	same as advanced
jw	jw	GRND / CORD	same as advanced
jwt	jwt	that_not	jwt	COMP.NEG
jn	jn	Q	same as advanced
jn	jn	by	jn	AGT
jr	jr	as_for	jr	TOPZ
js	js	FOCZ	=js	=FOCZ
ꜥḥꜥ.n	ꜥḥꜥ:n	then	ꜥḥꜥ:n	CJVB:ANT
.wï (adjectival clause)	:wï	:EXLM	-wï	-EXLM
wn.jn	wn:jn	then	wn:jn	CJVB:CNSV
wnt	wnt	that	wnt	COMP
pw (nominal clause)	pw	this	=pw	=DEM.C
m=k	m:k	look.IMP:2SG.M	m-k	ATTN-2SG.M
m=ṯ	m:ṯ	look.IMP:2SG.F	m-č	ATTN-2SG.F
m=ṯn	m:ṯn	look.IMP:2PL	m-čn	ATTN-2PL
n(j)	nj	not	nj=	NEG=
n(j) ... js	nj ... js	not₁ ... not₁	nj= ... js	NEG₁= ... NEG₁
nn	nn	not / non_existent	nn	NEG / non_existent
ntt	ntt	that	ntt	COMP
ḥwï / ḥw(ï)	ḥwï	same as advanced
ḥꜣ	ḥꜣ	MODP	same as advanced
ḫr	ḫr	OBLV	same as advanced
sk , jsṯ , ...	sk , jsṯ , ...	SBRD / meanwhile	sk , jsč , ...	SBRD / meanwhile
tj	tj	SBRD / while	same as advanced
kꜣ	kꜣ	CNSV.POT	same as advanced

Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
ꜥꜣ	ꜥꜣ	here	same as advanced
jm	jm	there	same as advanced
wr.t	wr:t	very	wr:t	very:ADVZ

Selected clause patterns[edit | edit source]

Trad.	Advanced		Expert
jw=s sḏm=s	jw:s sḏm:s	GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F	jw-s sč̣m-s	GRND-3SG.F hear\IPFV-3SG.F
jw sḏm.n=s	jw sḏm:n:s	GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F	jw sč̣m:n-s	GRND hear\ANT-3SG.F
nzw ḥr gmi̯.t	nzw ḥr gm:t	king.M at find:INF	nzw ḥr gm:t	king(M)[SG] at find\INF
jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t	jw nzw ḥr gm:t	GRND king.M at find:INF	jw nzw ḥr gm:t	GRND king(M)[SG] at find\INF
jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t	jw:f ḥr gm:t	GRND:3SG.M at find:INF	jw-f ḥr gm:t	GRND-3SG.M at find\INF
nzw m jyi̯.t	nzw m jy:t	king.M in come:INF	nzw m= jy:t	king(M)[SG] in= come\INF
nzw r gmi̯.t	nzw r gm:t	king.M to find:INF	nzw r= gm:t	king(M)[SG] to= find\INF
jw nzw r gmi̯.t	jw nzw r gm:t	GRND king.M to find:INF	jw nzw r= gm:t	GRND king(M)[SG] to= find\INF
jw=f r gmi̯.t	jw:f r gm:t	GRND:3SG.M to find:INF	jw-f r= gm:t	GRND-3SG.M to= find\INF
(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t	jḫ:t pw nfr:t	thing:F DEM.C good:F	jḫ:t =pw nfr:t	thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Werning, Daniel A. (2013). Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review. In: Gerald Moers et al. (eds.), Dating Egyptian Literary Texts (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0.
↑ Werning, Daniel A. (2008) Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian sḏm.n=f, in: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.
↑ Werning, Daniel A. (2014). Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: Eitan Grossman et al. (eds.), On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar, Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 Werning, Daniel A. (2012) Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E.
↑ Werning. Daniel A. (2004) The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger). In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12 p. 183–203. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 17: 243–266. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D.

Grammars

Allen, James P. (2010) Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read online)
Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique, Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift, 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.

[Werning_Dating_2013-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Werning, Daniel A. (2013). Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review. In: Gerald Moers et al. (eds.), Dating Egyptian Literary Texts (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0.

[2] Werning, Daniel A. (2008) Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian sḏm.n=f, in: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.

[3] Werning, Daniel A. (2014). Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: Eitan Grossman et al. (eds.), On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar, Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.

[Werning_prepositions_2012-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 Werning, Daniel A. (2012) Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E.

[5] Werning. Daniel A. (2004) The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger). In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12 p. 183–203. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8.

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