What follows is a list of Earlier Egyptian (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.
Please contribute to the list or to the discussion of the glossing of specific forms.
Grammatical forms
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Suffix pronouns
| Trad. |
Advanced
|
| -ⲓ, -ⲧ, -∅ |
-1SG
|
| -ⲕ, -ⲅ |
-2SG.M
|
| -∅, -ⲉ |
-2SG.F
|
| -ϥ |
-3SG.M
|
| -ⲥ |
-3SG.F
|
| -ⲛ |
-1PL
|
| -ⲧⲛ; =ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ |
-2PL; =2PL
|
| -ⲟⲩ, -ⲩ |
-3PL
|
Personal second pronouns (Layton 2011, § 390e)
| Trad. |
Advanced
|
| -ⲧ |
-1SG
|
| -ⲕ, -ⲥⲕ, -ⲧⲕ |
-2SG.M
|
| not attested(?) |
-2SG.F
|
| -ϥ, -ⲥϥ |
-3SG.M
|
| -ⲥ |
-3SG.F
|
| -ⲥⲛ |
-1PL
|
| -ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ |
-2PL
|
| -ⲥⲉ, -ⲥⲟⲩ |
-3PL
|
Independent personal pronouns
| Trad. |
Advanced
|
| unbound form (free use, cf. Layton 2011: § 71)
|
| ⲁⲛⲟⲕ |
1SG
|
| ⲛⲧⲟⲕ |
2SG.M
|
| ⲛⲧⲟ |
2SG.F
|
| ⲛⲧⲟϥ |
3SG.M
|
| ⲛⲧⲟⲥ |
3SG.F
|
| ⲁⲛⲟⲛ |
1PL
|
| ⲛⲧⲱⲧⲛ |
2PL
|
| ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ |
3PL
|
| bound form (clitic, in Nominal Sentences; cf. Layton 2011: § 79)
|
| ⲁⲛⲅ=, ⲁⲛⲟⲕ= |
1SG.M
|
| ⲛⲧⲕ=, ⲛⲧⲟⲕ= |
2SG.M
|
| ⲛⲧⲉ=, ⲛⲧⲟ= |
2SG.F
|
| ⲁⲛ=, ⲁⲛⲟⲛ= |
1PL
|
| ⲛⲧⲉⲧⲛ=, ⲛⲧⲱⲧⲛ= |
2PL
|
Prefixed personal pronouns
| Trad. |
Advanced
|
| in Durative Sentences (= bipartite pattern; Layton 2011: § 78)
|
| ϯ- |
1SG-
|
| ⲕ-, ⲅ- |
2SG.M-
|
| ⲧⲉ-, ⲧⲣ- |
2SG.F-
|
| ϥ- |
3SG.M-
|
| ⲥ- |
3SG.F-
|
| ⲧⲛ- |
1PL-
|
| ⲧⲉⲧⲛ- |
2PL-
|
| ⲥⲉ- |
3PL-
|
| in Non-durative Sentences (used with conjugation bases = tripartite pattern)
|
| ⲓ-, ⲓ̈-, ⲁ-, |
1SG-
|
| ⲕ-, ⲉⲕ- |
2SG.M-
|
| ⲣ-, ⲣⲉ-, ⲉ-, ∅- (and similar) |
2SG.F-
|
| ϥ-, ⲉϥ- |
3SG.M-
|
| ⲥ-, ⲉⲥ- |
3SG.F-
|
| ⲛ-, ⲉⲛ- |
1PL-
|
| ⲧⲛ-, ⲧⲉⲧⲛ-, ⲉⲧⲛ- |
2PL-
|
| ⲟⲩ-, ⲩ- |
3PL-
|
Demonstrative pronouns
| Trad. |
Advanced |
Expert
|
| Proximal
|
| ⲡⲁⲓ̈, ⲡⲁⲉⲓ |
this:M |
DEM.PROX:M.SG
|
| ⲧⲁⲓ̈, ⲧⲁⲉⲓ |
this:F |
DEM.PROX:F.SG
|
| ⲛⲁⲓ̈, ⲛⲁⲉⲓ |
these |
DEM.PROX:PL
|
| Distal
|
| ⲡⲉⲧⲙⲙⲁⲩ |
that:M |
DEM.DIST:M.SG
|
| ⲧⲉⲧⲙⲙⲁⲩ |
that:F |
DEM.DIST:F.SG
|
| ⲛⲉⲧⲙⲙⲁⲩ |
those |
DEM.DIST:PL
|
| Distal ('Affective')
|
| ⲡⲏ |
that:M |
DEM.DIST:M.SG
|
| ⲧⲏ |
that:F |
DEM.DIST:F.SG
|
| ⲛⲏ |
those |
DEM.DIST:PL
|
Possessive pronouns (Possessed pronouns)
| Trad. |
Advanced |
Expert
|
| with following Noun phrase
|
| ⲡⲁ= |
the_one:M_of= |
POSS:M.SG=
|
| ⲧⲁ= |
the_one:F_of= |
POSS:F.SG=
|
| ⲛⲁ= |
the_one:PL_of= |
POSS:PL=
|
| with following Suffix pronoun
|
| ⲡⲱ |
mine:M, yours:M, ... |
POSS:M.SG
|
| ⲧⲱ |
mine:F, yours:F, ... |
POSS:F.SG
|
| ⲛⲟⲩ |
mine:PL, yours:PL, ... |
POSS:PL
|
Determiners
Articles
| Trad. |
Advanced |
Expert
|
| indefinite
|
|
|
long |
short
|
| ⲟⲩ= |
a= |
INDF.ART.SG= |
INDF.SG=
|
| ϩⲉⲛ= |
– |
INDF.ART.PL= |
INDF.PL=
|
| definite
|
|
|
long |
short
|
| ⲡ=, ⲡⲉ= |
the:M.SG= |
DEF.ART:M.SG= |
DEF:M.SG=
|
| ⲧ=, ⲧⲉ= |
the:F.SG= |
DEF.ART:F.SG= |
DEF:F.SG=
|
| ⲛ=, ⲛⲉ= |
the:PL= |
DEF.ART:PL= |
DEF:PL=
|
Demonstrative Articles
| Trad. |
Advanced |
Expert
|
|
|
long |
short
|
| ⲡⲉⲓ̈=, ⲡⲉⲉⲓ= |
this:M.SG= |
DEM.ART:M.SG= |
DEM:M.SG=
|
| ⲧⲉⲓ̈=, ⲧⲉⲉⲓ= |
this:F.SG= |
DEM.ART:F.SG= |
DEM:F.SG=
|
| ⲛⲉⲓ̈=, ⲛⲉⲉⲓ= |
these:PL= |
DEM.ART:PL= |
DEM.PL=
|
Possessive Determiners (Possessive Pronouns)
| Trad. |
Advanced |
Expert
|
| ⲡⲁ= |
my:M= |
POSS:M.SG:1SG=
|
| ⲡⲉⲕ= |
your:M= |
POSS:M.SG:2SG.M=
|
| ⲡⲟⲩ= |
your:M= |
POSS:M.SG:2SG.F=
|
| ⲡⲉϥ= |
his:M= |
POSS:M.SG:3SG.M=
|
| ⲡⲉⲥ= |
her:M= |
POSS:M.SG:3SG.F=
|
| ⲡⲉⲛ= |
our:M= |
POSS:M.SG:1PL=
|
| ⲡⲉⲧⲛ= |
your:M= |
POSS:M.SG:2PL=
|
| ⲡⲉⲩ= |
their:M= |
POSS:M.SG:3PL=
|
|
|
| ⲧⲁ= |
my:F= |
POSS:F.SG:1SG=
|
| ⲧⲉⲕ= |
your.F= |
POSS:F.SG:2SG.M=
|
| ...
|
| ⲛⲁ= |
my:PL= |
POSS:PL:1SG=
|
| ...
|
Nouns
Bare nouns
| Trad. |
Advanced |
Expert
|
| ⲙⲁ |
place.M.SG / place.M.PL |
place(M.SG) / place(M.PL)
|
| ⲉⲃⲟⲧ |
month.M.SG |
month(M)[SG]
|
| ⲉⲃⲁⲧⲉ |
month:M.PL |
month(M)\PL
|
| ⲡⲉ |
sky.F |
sky(F)[SG]
|
| ⲡⲏⲩⲉ |
sky:F.PL |
sky(F)\PL
|
| ⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ |
woman.F.SG |
woman(F)[SG]
|
| ϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ |
woman.F.PL |
woman.F.PL
|
| nouns without grammatical gender (genderless nouns, Layton 2011: ...)
|
