Glossing Abbreviations

Kernel abbreviations

Abbreviation	Meaning	References
1	first person	LGR (2008)
2	second person	LGR (2008)
3	third person	LGR (2008)
A	agent-like argument of a canonical transitive verb	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008)
ABL	ablative	LGR (2008)
ABS	absolutive	LGR (2008)
ABSTR	abstract	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ACC	accusative	LGR (2008)
ACT	active	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ADJ	adjective	LGR (2008)
ADJZ	adjectivizer, adjectivization	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADJR; Shopen (2007: xvii): ADJ; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ADV	adverb, adverbial	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008)
ADVZ	adverbializer, adverbialization	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADVR; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
AGR	agreement	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008)
AGT	agent marker	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
ALL	allative	LGR (2008)
ANIM	animate
ANT	anterior	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Binnick (2001: 559); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 54, 61, 78); Shopen (2007: xviii); Werning (2008)
ANTIP	antipassive	LGR (2008)
AOR	aorist	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
APPL	applicative	LGR (2008)
ART	article	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008)
ASP	aspect (grammatical)	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”
ATT	attachment, attached	Werning (2012): ATTACHED; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): ATTD
ATTN	attention marker	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ATTEN[tuative]; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
AUX	auxiliary	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008)
BEN	benefactive	LGR (2008)
BS	base	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
C	communis (common gender)	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): COMM
CAUS	causative	LGR (2008)
CJVB	conjunctional verb	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
CIRC	circumstantial	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
CIRCF	circumference	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): CIRC
CLF	classifier	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; LGR (2008)
CNSV	consecutive	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): CONSEC; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
CNJ	conjunction	Bybee et al. (1994: xxi)
COLL	collective	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
COM	comitative	LGR (2008)
COMP	complementizer	LGR (2008)
COMPL	completive	LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 57): COMP; compare also: Boland (2006: 48)
COND	conditional	LGR (2008)
COP	copula	LGR (2008)
CORD	coordinating particle	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
CVB	converb	LGR (2008)
DAT	dative	LGR (2008)
DECL	declarative	LGR (2008)
DEF	definite	LGR (2008)
DEM	demonstrative	LGR (2008)
DET	determiner	LGR (2008)
DIST	distal	LGR (2008)
DISTR	distributive	LGR (2008)
DO	direct object	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xviii)
DIVN	divine name
DU	dual	LGR (2008)
DUR	durative	LGR (2008)
E	epenthetic morpheme
ERG	ergative	LGR (2008)
ELAT	elative	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
EXCL	exclusive	LGR (2008)
EXLM	exclamative	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): EXCL; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
EXTR	exterior	Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
F	feminine	LGR (2008)
FOC	focus	LGR (2008)
FOCZ	focalizer, focalization	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
FUT	future	LGR (2008)
GEN	genitive	LGR (2008)
GODN	god or godess‘s name	Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): GN; cf. DIVN
GRND	ground	Shopen (2007: xix): G; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
HABIT	habitual	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
ILL	illative	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
IMP	imperative	LGR (2008)
IMPRS	impersonal	Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPR, IPS; Shopen (2007: xix): IMP
INANIM	inanimate
INESS	inessive	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
INCL	inclusive	LGR (2008)
INCHO	inchoative	Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): INCH
IND	indicative	LGR (2008)
INDF	indefinite	LGR (2008)
INF	infinitive	LGR (2008)
INFR	inferior	Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
INS	instrumental	LGR (2008)
INT	interior
INTR	intransitive	LGR (2008)
IO	indirect object	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
IPFV	imperfective	LGR (2008); Comrie (1976: 25, 39); compare also: Werning (2008: 275); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): IMPF
IPRF	imperfect	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPF; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
IRR	irrealis	LGR (2008)
LOC	locative	LGR (2008)
M	masculine	LGR (2008)
MEDP	mediopassive	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): MP, MED
MELL	mellic
MCM	main clause marker	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
MOD	modal, mode	Bybee et al. (1994: xxii)
MODP	modal particle	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)
N	neuter	LGR (2008)
N...	non- (e.g. NPST non-past)	LGR (2008); cf. below
NAM	name
NEG	negation, negative	LGR (2008)
NMLZ	nominalizer, nominalization	LGR (2008); Shopen (2007: xx): NOMIN
NOM	nominative	LGR (2008)
OBJ	object	LGR (2008)
OBL	oblique	LGR (2008)
OBLG	obligative	Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): OBL[igation]; Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): OBLV
ORD	ordinal number	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
P	patient-like argument of a canonical transitive verb	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PAT “to be avoided”; LGR (2008)
PASS	passive	LGR (2008)
PFV	perfective	LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 54-55, 83): PERF; Dahl (1985: 78); Timberlake (2007: 304)
PL	plural	LGR (2008)
PLUPRF	pluperfect	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): PLUP; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
PN	personal name	Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi)
POST	posterior (relative tense)	Binnick (2001: 559); Werning (2008)
POSS	possessive	LGR (2008)
POSSED	possessed
POSSOR	possessor
POT	potential	Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi)
PREC	precative
PRED	predicative	LGR (2008)
PREP	preposition	Bybee et al. (1994: xxii), Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”
PRF	perfect	LGR (2008); Timberlake (2007: 304): PF
PROG	progressive	LGR (2008)
PROH	prohibitive	LGR (2008)
PROSP	prospective	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): PROS
PROX	proximal, proximate	LGR (2008)
PRS	present	LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): PRES
PRT	preterit	better use PST (Lehmann 2004: Tab. 169.4)
PST	past, preterit	LGR (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 55, 82); Dahl (1985: 116-117): PAST; Timberlake (2007: 315)
PTCP	participle	LGR (2008)
PTCL	particle	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PTL “to be avoided”; Shopen (2007: xx): PART, PCL; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PURP	purposive	LGR (2008)
Q	question particle/marker	LGR (2008)
QUOT	quotative	LGR (2008)
RECP	reciprocal	LGR (2008)
REFL	reflexive	LGR (2008)
REL	relative	LGR (2008)
RES	resultative	LGR (2008)
S	single argument of a canonical intransitive verb	LGR (2008)
SBJ	subject	LGR (2008)
SBJV	subjunctive	LGR (2008)
SBRD	subordinating particle	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): S[ubo]R[rdinator]; Shopen (2007: xxi): SUBORD; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
SIM	simultaneous (relative tense)	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi))
SP	sentence particle	Bybee et al. (1994: xxii)
SG	singular	LGR (2008)
STABS	status absolutus	Schenkel (2005: 109/110, ch. 5.1.1.4); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
STAT	stative	Nedjalkov (2001: 928); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii); Shopen (2007: xxi): STV
STC	status constructus	Schenkel (2005: 109/110); Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
STN	status nominalis	better use STC
STPR	status pronominalis	Schenkel (2005: 109/110)
SUPR	superior	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): SUP[er]ESS[ive]; Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii)
TERM	terminative	Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)
THMZ	thematizer, thematization	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
TNS	tense	Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”
TOP	topic	LGR (2008)
TOPN	toponym	Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvi): TN
TOPZ	topicalizer, topicalization	Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
TR	transitive	LGR (2008)
VET	vetitive
VOC	vocative	LGR (2008)

Language specific abbreviations

Akkadian

Abbreviation	Meaning	References
G	G-Stem
GT	Gt-Stem
GTN	Gtn-Stem
D	D-Stem
DT	Dt-Stem
DTN	Dtn-Stem
N	N-Stem
NA	animate noun
NI	inanimate noun
NTN	Ntn-Stem
Š	Š-Stem
ŠT	Št-Stem
VENT	Ventive

Hittite

Abbreviation	Meaning	References
ANIM	animitizing (suffix) (trad. “ergative”)
INFI	infinitive I
INFII	infinitve II

Abbreviations of combinations of kernel abbreviations

Abbreviation	Equivalent	References
1SG; 1PL; 1DU 2SG; 2PL; 2DU 3SG; 3PL; 3DU	1.SG; 1.PL; 1.DU 2.SG; 2.PL; 2.DU 3.SG; 3.PL; 3.DU	LGR (2008: rule 5)
DATLOC	DAT/LOC	e.g. in Hittite (Kutscher & Werning forthc.: xxvii)
N...	NON.	LGR (2008: abbreviations), e.g. NPST = NON.PST
PA	PTCP.ACT	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PDA	PTCP.DISTR.ACT	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PDP	PTCP.DISTR.PASS	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PF	PTCP.FUT	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PIA	PTCP.IPFV.ACT	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PIP	PTCP.IPFV.PASS	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PP	PTCP.PASS	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
PPO	PTCP.POST	e.g. in Egyptian; Di Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)
TA	TNS.ASP	Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii)
TAM	TNS.ASP.MOD	Kutscher & Werning (forthc.: xxvii)

Bibliography

• Binnick, Robert I. (2001). Temporality and Aspectuality. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 557-567.
• Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca (1994). The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World, Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
• Comrie, Bernard (1976). Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Dahl, Östen (1985). Tense and Aspect Systems, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 17: 243–266.
• Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.) (2001). Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20, 2 vols., Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
• Klein, Wolfgang (1994). Time in Language, London & New York: Routledge.
• Kutscher, Silvia & Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (2014). On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages, Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.
• Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear morphemic glossing, in: Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas in cooperation with Wolfgang Kesselheim, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK) 17/2, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1834-1857. (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf)
• LGR (2008) = The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses, ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.
• Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (2001). Resultative Constructions. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 928-941.
• Schenkel, Wolfgang (2005). Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift, [6th rev. ed.], Tübingen: [W.Sch.].
• Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (2007). Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3., 2nd [rev.] ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Timberlake, Alan (2007). Aspect, Tense, Mood. In: Shopen (2007), 280-333.
• Werning, Daniel A. (2008). Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian sḏm.n=f. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 16, 261-292.