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2024-03-28T16:30:17Z
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https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Glossing_Rules&diff=271
Glossing Rules
2017-08-06T12:35:18Z
<p>Lvandepeut: Typos corrected</p>
<hr />
<div>== Core rules ==<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
=== Alignment ===<br />
; (1) Alignment Rule<br />
: An object language word and its gloss need to be '''arranged vertically left-aligned'''. <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 1; cf. Lehmann (2004: R27).</ref> <br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="border-right:medium solid" | ''Vorgestern'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''bin'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''ich'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''aus'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''einem'' || style="border-right:medium solid" | ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| style="border-right:medium solid" | the.day.before.yesterday || style="border-right:medium solid" | am || style="border-right:medium solid" | I || style="border-right:medium solid" | out || style="border-right:medium solid" | a || style="border-right:medium solid" | short.vacation || back.come<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
But '''not''':<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern bin ich von einem Kurzurlaub zurückgekommen.''<br />
|-<br />
| the.day.before.yesterday am I out a short.vacation back.come<br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
The best way to edit this in text editing programs is by the means of invisible tables, i.e. '''tables without border lines'''. (Whitespaces like blanks or tabs are not very helpful for this purpose.)<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
=== One-to-Many Correspondences ===<br />
==== One object language word = many gloss elements ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_period"><br />
; (2a) Standard Joining Rule (for the gloss)<br />
: Within a pair of an object language word and gloss, neither the word nor the gloss may contain any whitespaces (blanks, tabs). <br />
: If one object language word corresponds to two or more elements in the gloss, these elements have to be joined by a punctuation mark. <br />
:The standard punctuation mark for '''joining elements in the gloss''' is the '''period “.”'''. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 4.</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| th'''e.d'''a'''y.b'''efor'''e.y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || shor'''t.v'''acation || bac'''k.c'''ome<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
But '''not''':<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| th'''e d'''a'''y b'''efor'''e y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || shor'''t v'''acation || bac'''k c'''ome<br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
<div id="Punctuation_person_number"><br />
; Standard exception to the Standard Joining Rule<br />
: The sequence PERSON – NUMBER is usually spelled simply without a period “.”, i.e. [[Glossing Abbreviations|abbreviated]] as e.g. “3PL” (instead of “3'''.'''PL”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 5.</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
For another meaning of the period “.” in cases in which other punctuation marks like colons “:”, hyphens “-” or else are also used, see [[#Punctuation_period_expert|The Period in Expert Mode section]] below. <br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
===== Compact translation phrases in the gloss =====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_underscore_gloss"><br />
; (2b) Compact phrase joining recommendation<br />
: If one object language word corresponds to a compact '''multi-word phrase translation in the gloss''', these elements should rather be joined by an '''underscore “_”''' than by a period “.”. <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 4a; Lehmann (2004: R23).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| th'''e_d'''a'''y_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || short.vacation || back.come<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
Rather than<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| th'''e.d'''a'''y.b'''efor'''e.y'''esterday || am || I || out || a || short.vacation || back.come<br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
; FAQ:<br />
: ''What is the difference between the case of ''“vorgestern – th'''e_d'''a'''y_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday”'' and ''“Kurzurlaub – shor'''t.v'''acation”''?'' <br />
: In the case of “Kurzurlaub – short.vacation”, the object language word “Kurzurlaub” actually contains the separate elements “short” (“kurz”) and “vacation” (“Urlaub”) – and only these elements. In the case of “vorgestern – the_day_before_yesterday – vorgestern”, on the other hand, the object language word “vorgestern” does not contain the elements “the”, “day”, “before”, and “yesterday” as four separate units. “The day before yesterday” is rather a fixed combined phrase.<br />
<br />
: ''But ''“vorgestern”'' does contain the elements ''“before”'' and ''“yesterday”''!'' <br />
: In the spirit of the Compact Phrase Joining Rule, one may therefore gloss “vorgestern” either as “befor'''e.y'''esterday” or “'''the_day_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday”.<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Many object language words = one gloss element ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_underscore_object_language"><br />
; (2c) Standard Joining Rule for object language words<br />
: If two or more object language words corresponds to one elements in the gloss, these elements have to be joined by a punctuation mark. The standard punctuation mark for '''joining object language words''' that correspond to one single gloss is the '''underscore “_”''' (rather than the period “.”). <ref>Lehmann (2004: R11).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''I'' || ''came'' || ''back'' || ''from'' || ''a'' || ''short'' || ''vacation'' || ''th'''e_d'''a'''y_b'''efor'''e_y'''esterday''<br />
|-<br />
| ich || kam || zurück || von || ein || kurz || Urlaub || vorgestern<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘Vorgestern bin ich aus einem Kurzurlaub zurückgekommen.’}}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
But '''not''':<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''I'' || ''came'' || ''back'' || ''from'' || ''a'' || ''short'' || ''vacation'' || ''th'''e d'''a'''y b'''efor'''e y'''esterday''<br />
|-<br />
| ich || kam || zurück || von || ein || kurz || Urlaub || vorgestern<br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
=== Analyzing grammatical categories ===<br />
==== Grammatical morphemes ====<br />
<div id="Categories_style"><br />
; (3) Grammatical categories markup rule<br />
: Grammatical categories marked on or inherent to the object language word may be analyzed in the gloss. These '''grammatical categories''' have to be typeset in '''small caps''' (small capital letters), or else – but less elegant – in normal capital letters. <br />
: For the sake of space, frequent grammatical categories are usually abbreviated. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 3; Lehmann (2004: R29).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
For common glossing abbreviations, see the [[Glossing Abbreviations|Glossing Abbreviations section]].<br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be'''.PRS.1SG''' || '''1SG.NOM''' || out || '''ART.INDF.SG.M.DAT''' || short.vacation'''.M.SG.DAT''' || back.come'''.PTCP.PRF'''<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
Alternatively, one might want to '''leave some elements unanalyzed''':<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || '''am''' || '''I''' || out || '''a'''.SG.M.DAT || short.vacation.M.SG.DAT || back.come.PTCP.PRF<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Ambiguous morphemes ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_slash"><br />
; (4) Ambiguous polysemous morphemes recommendation<br />
: If a morpheme has two or more different meanings, i.e. if it is '''polysemous''', the encoder might optionally want to give two or more of the meanings separated by a '''slash “/”'''. <ref>Lehmann (2004: §3.5, tab. 6.2).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
Cf. the following paradigm:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Number, case !! Word !! Gloss<br />
|-<br />
| SG, NOM || ''Urlaub'' || vacation.SG.NOM ''or'' vacation.SG.'''NOM/ACC/DAT''' ''or'' vacation.SG.NGEN<br />
|- <br />
| SG, GEN || ''Urlaubs'' || vacation.SG.GEN<br />
|-<br />
| SG, ACC || ''Urlaub'' || vacation.SG.ACC ''or'' vacation.SG.'''NOM/ACC/DAT''' ''or'' vacation.SG.NGEN<br />
|-<br />
| SG, DAT || ''Urlaub'' || vacation.SG.DAT ''or'' vacation.SG.'''NOM/ACC/DAT''' ''or'' vacation.SG.NGEN<br />
|- <br />
| PL, NOM || ''Urlaube'' || vacation.PL.NOM ''or'' vacation.PL.'''NOM/GEN'''<br />
|-<br />
| PL, GEN || ''Urlaube'' || vacation.PL.GEN ''or'' vacation.PL.'''NOM/GEN'''<br />
|-<br />
| PL, ACC || ''Urlauben'' || vacation.PL.ACC ''or'' vacation.PL.'''ACC/DAT'''<br />
|-<br />
| PL, DAT ||''Urlauben'' || vacation.PL.DAT ''or'' vacation.PL.'''ACC/DAT'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== Optional rules: advanced mode ==<br />
Some words are neatly separable into different morphemes, others are not. In an advanced mode of glossing the encoder may distinguish between '''separable morphemes, ‘joined’ by a colon (“:”)''', and '''inseparable morphemes, ‘joined’ by a period (“.”)'''. <br />
<br />
=== General marking of separable inflection ===<br />
<div id="Punctuation_colon"><br />
; (5) Unspecified inflection markup<br />
: If one object language word corresponds to two or more elements in the gloss that '''can be distinguished between, theoretically''', but the encoder is not able to or does not want to specify the type of inflection or the morpheme boundary, these elements may be joined (or rather separated) in the gloss by a '''colon “:”''' (rather than by a period “.”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 4c; cf. Lehmann (2004: R13).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''ei'''ne'''m'' || ''Kur'''zu'''rlaub'' || ''zurüc'''kgek'''om'''me'''n''.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || ART.INDF.S'''G:M'''.DAT || shor'''t:v'''acation.'''M:S'''G.DAT || bac'''k:c'''om'''e:P'''TCP.PRF<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
Rather than<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || ART.INDF.S'''G.M'''.DAT || shor'''t.v'''acation.'''M.S'''G.DAT || bac'''k.c'''om'''e.P'''TCP.PRF<br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
Note that, consequently, the period (“.”) has a more precise meaning then in the advanced mode (see [[#Punctuation_period_advanced|below]]).<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
=== The period in advanced mode ===<br />
<div id="Punctuation_period_advanced"><br />
; (2a') The period in advanced mode<br />
: If one chooses to mark separable morphemes by a colon “:”, elements in a gloss should only be joined by a period “.”, if these are inseparably fused in the object language word, i.e. if they are part of a ''Portmanteau'' morpheme. <ref>Cf. Lehmann (2004: R21). ''LGR'' (2008: rule 4B) suggest the semi-colon “;” as an alternative.</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || '''be.PRS.1SG''' || '''1SG.NOM''' || out || a:'''M.DAT''' || short:vacation(M)['''SG.DAT'''] || back:come:'''PTCP.PRF'''<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== Optional rules: expert mode ==<br />
=== An extra Glossing line ===<br />
<div id="Glossing_line"><br />
In the expert mode, inflections are marked more specifically as to its type and degree of attachment. Additionally, morpheme boundaries are not only indicated in the gloss but also in the object language. Consequently, the encoder needs to add an '''extra glossing transliteration line''' between the original object language line and the glossing line.<br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example (to be explained below):<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Original''' || ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Glossing <br/>transliteration''' || vorgestern <ref>For the lower case, cf. Lehmann (2004: R31).</ref> || bin || ich || aus || ei'''n-e'''m || Kur'''z=u'''rlaub || zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Glossing <br/>line''' || the_day_<br/>before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation(M)[ SG.DAT] || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F<sub>1</sub>-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<br />
One might then think about leaving out the ‘Original’ line. This is an issue that relates to the kind of one’s intended readers. <br />
<br />
; Example (to be explained below):<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| '''Glossing <br/>transliteration''' || ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''ei'''n-e'''m'' || ''Kur'''z=u'''rlaub'' || ''zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n''.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Glossing <br/>line''' || the_day_<br/>before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation(M)[ SG.DAT] || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F<sub>1</sub>-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
=== Inflection markup rules ===<br />
==== Affixes and clitics ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_hyphen"><br />
; (6) Affix markup rules<br />
: If one object language word contains a clearly and neatly separable '''affix''' (suffix or prefix), this affix should be attached to its stem '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by a '''hyphen “-”''' (rather than by a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 2; Lehmann (2004: R12).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div id="Punctuation_equal_sign"><br />
; (7) Clitic morpheme markup rules<br />
: If an object language morpheme attaches to another word as a '''clitic''' (enclitic or proclitic), this clitic should be attached to its base '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by an '''equal sign “=”''' (rather than by a hyphen “-”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 2; Lehmann (2004: R15).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ei'''n-e'''m || Kur'''z=u'''rlaub || zurüc'''k=ge-k'''om'''m-e'''n.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a-M'''.DAT || shor'''t=v'''acation.M.SG.DAT || bac'''k=P'''TCP.PR'''F-c'''om'''e-P'''TCP.PRF<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
Rather than<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || '''a.M'''.DAT || shor'''t.v'''acation.M.SG.DAT || bac'''k.c'''om'''e.P'''TCP.PRF<br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
For ''“einem”'', cf. the following paradigm:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Gender, case !! Word !! Glossing transcription !! Gloss<br />
|- <br />
| M, NOM || ''ein'' || ein || ART.INDF.SG.M.NOM (''or rather'' ART.INDF.SG[M.NOM], ''see [[#Punctuation_square_brackets|below]]'')<br />
|-<br />
| M, GEN || ''eines'' || ei'''n-e'''s || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.GEN<br />
|-<br />
| M, ACC || ''eine''' || ei'''n-e'''n || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.ACC<br />
|-<br />
| M, DAT || ''eine''' || ei'''n-e'''m || ART.INDF.S'''G-M'''.DAT<br />
|- <br />
| F, NOM || ''eine'' || ei'''n-e''' || ART.INDF.S'''G-F'''.NOM <br />
|-<br />
| ... || ... || ... || ...<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Note that e.g. ''“bin”'' cannot neatly be separated into different morphemes. Therefore, all its semantic elements are still ''fused'' by periods ‘.’ in the gloss. <br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Circumfixes and other circum-morphemes ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_circumfix"><br />
; (8) Circum-morpheme markup recommendation<br />
: If a split object language morpheme encircles another word from both sides as a '''circumfix''' or ‘circum-clitic’, or if two object language words encircle other words, we recommend to simply '''repeat the same gloss''' for both elements identically and mark both glosses with the '''same superscript index'''. <ref>Cf. ''LGR'' (2008): rule 8 (there without index) and Lehmann (2004: R17) with alternative suggestions.</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Examples:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''šipram'' || ''taštaprī'' <br />
|-<br />
| šipr-am || '''ta-'''štapr'''-ī''' <br />
|-<br />
| writing(M)-ACC.SG || '''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''-write.PRF-'''2SG.F<sub>1</sub>'''<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation| ‘You have sent a letter.’}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück='''ge-'''komm'''-en'''.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.M.SG.DAT || back='''PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-'''come'''-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>'''<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Je'' || '''''ne''''' || ''sais'' || '''''pas''''' || ''pourquoi''.<br />
|-<br />
| 1SG || '''NOT<sub>1</sub>''' || know.PRS.1SG || '''NOT<sub>1</sub>''' || why<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I don’t know why.’}}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Infixes ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_angle_brackets"><br />
; (9) Infix markup recommendation<br />
: If one object language word contains a clearly and neatly separable '''infix''', this infix may optionally be marked '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', by '''angle brackets “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”''' (rather than by periods “.”, colons “:”, or hyphens “-”). In the gloss, the brackets might either follow or precede the gloss of the element with the infix.<ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 9; Lehmann (2004: R18).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''šipram'' || ''taštaprī'' <br />
|-<br />
| šipr-am || ta-š'''&lt;ta&gt;'''pr-ī <br />
|-<br />
| letter(M)-ACC.SG || 2SG.F<sub>1</sub>-write'''&lt;PRF&gt;'''-2SG.F<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘You have sent a letter.’}}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Reduplication phenomena ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_tilde"><br />
; (10) Reduplication markup recommendation<br />
: Categories that are expressed by a regular '''reduplication''' phenomenon in a paradigm may optionally be marked '''in both, in the transcription and in the gloss''', with a '''tilde “~”''' (rather than with a period “.”, colon “:”, or hyphen “-”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 10; Lehmann (2004: R19).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
Cf. the following Egyptian paradigm:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Verbal Number !! Word !! Glossing transliteration !! Gloss !! Translation<br />
|- <br />
| (unmarked) || ''jrt'' || jr-t || do.PTCP-F || ‘(she) who does/did’<br />
|-<br />
| DISTR || ''jrrt'' || jr'''~r'''-t || d'''o~P'''TCP.DISTR-F || ‘(she) who (repeatedly, ...) does/used to do’<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Correct sequential alignment rule ====<br />
If affixes, clitics, reduplications and/or infixes are marked by “-”, “=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, respectively, it is mandatory to obey the following rule:<br />
<br />
<div id="Correct_sequential_alignment"><br />
; (11) Correct sequential alignment rule<br />
: The number and sequence of hyphens “-”, equal signs “=”, tildes “~”, and angle brackets “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” must always be exactly the same in the object language transliteration and the gloss. <ref>Lehmann (2004: R9, R10).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
Cf. for example:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Correct || <small>Wrong</small> || <small>Wrong</small> || Correct || <small>Wrong</small><br />
|-<br />
| ''jrrtf'' || <small>''jrrtf''</small> || <small>''jrrtf''</small> || ''ambulabam'' || <small>''ambulabam''</small><br />
|-<br />
| jr~r-t=f || <small>j'''rr'''-t=f</small> || <small>jr~'''r.t'''=f</small> || ambul'''a-ba-m''' || <br />
|-<br />
| d'''o~D'''ISTR.RE'''L-F=3'''SG.M || <small>d'''o~D'''ISTR.REL-F=3SG.M</small> || <small>do~DISTR.RE'''L-F'''=3SG.M</small> || wal'''k-I'''PF'''V-1'''SG || <small>wal'''k-I'''PF'''V-1'''SG</small><br />
|-<br />
| ‘what he used to do’ || || || ‘I walked’<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Missing inflection ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_square_brackets"><br />
; (12) Missing inflection markup recommendation<br />
: If one can determine a grammatical category of a word only by the fact that '''a morpheme (ending, affix, infix, ...) is missing''', this category should be attached to the gloss in '''square brackets “[&nbsp;]”''' (rather than by a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 6. Lehmann (2004: R24, R16) used “[&nbsp;]” and “(&nbsp;)” differently.</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
Cf. the following paradigm:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Number, case !! Word !! Glossing transliteration !! Gloss<br />
|- <br />
| SG, NOM || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.NOM''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')<br />
|-<br />
| SG, GEN || ''Urlaubs'' || Urlau'''b-s''' || vacation-SG.GEN<br />
|-<br />
| SG, ACC || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.ACC''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')<br />
|-<br />
| SG, DAT || ''Urlaub'' || Urlaub || vacation'''['''SG.DAT''']''' (''or'' vacation'''['''SG.NGEN''']''')<br />
|- <br />
| PL, NOM || ''Urlaube'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.NOM (''or'' vacation-PL.NOM/GEN)<br />
|-<br />
| PL, GEN || ''Urlaube'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.GEN (''or'' vacation-PL.NOM/GEN)<br />
|-<br />
| PL, ACC || ''Urlauben'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.ACC (''or'' vacation-PL.ACC/DAT)<br />
|-<br />
| PL, DAT ||''Urlauben'' || Urlau'''b-e''' || vacation-PL.DAT (''or'' vacation-SG.ACC/DAT)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlau'''b''' || zurück=ge-komm-en.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M[S'''G.DA'''T]''' || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
Rather than<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M.S'''G.DA'''T''' || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
<div id="Punctuation_zero_morpheme"><br />
Alternatively, one might want to explicitly mark the paradigmatic missing of a morpheme (ending, affix, infix, ...) in the transcription by the means of a '''‘zero-morpheme’ affix “-ø”'''. (Cf. the [[#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix Markup Recommendation]] above.)<br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub'''-ø''' || zurück=ge-komm-en.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacation.'''M-S'''G.DAT || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Covert, inherent categories ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_parentheses"><br />
; (13) Inherent categories markup recommendation<br />
: Categories that are never expressed by a morpheme in a paradigm, i.e. categories that are rather inherent to a lexeme, may optionally be attached to the respective gloss in '''parentheses “(&nbsp;)”''' (rather than by a period “.” or square brackets “[&nbsp;]”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 7.</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacatio'''n(M)'''[SG.DAT] || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
<small><br />
Rather than<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=ge-komm-en.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || be.PRS.1SG || 1SG.NOM || out || a-M.DAT || short=vacatio'''n.M'''[SG.DAT] || back=PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub>-come-PTCP.PRF<sub>1</sub><br />
|}<br />
</small><br />
<br />
Caution: This rule may eventually generate some difficult questions, like whether e.g. “ich” should be glossed as “1SG.NOM” or “1SG(NOM)”. <br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== ''Ablaut'' phenomena ====<br />
<div id="Punctuation_backslash"><br />
; (14) ''Ablaut'' markup recommendation<br />
: Categories that are expressed by a regular '''''ablaut''''' phenomenon in a paradigm may optionally be attached to the gloss with a '''back slash “\”''' (rather than with a period “.” or colon “:”). <ref>''LGR'' (2008): rule 4d; cf. Lehmann (2004: R20).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
Cf. the following paradigm:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Number !! Word !! Gloss<br />
|- <br />
| SG || ''Vater'' || father(M).SG ''or better'' father(M)[SG]<br />
|-<br />
| PL || ''V'''ä'''ter'' || father(M):PL ''or better'' father(M)'''\PL'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
==== Transfix (root-and-pattern morphology) ====<br />
In some languages, like many Afro-Asiatic languages, one can neatly separate (a) a word root and (b) a vowel pattern, although they are intertwined like two cogwheels. This phenomenon is known as ‘root-and-pattern morphology’ or ‘transfixation’.<br />
<br />
<div id="Punctuation_transfix"><br />
; (15) Transfix markup recommendation<br />
: Categories that are expressed by a transfix, i.e. a complex regular vocalic pattern applied to a (consonantal) root in a paradigm, may be marked as unspecified inflection (“:”, see [[#Punctuation_colon|above]]).<br />
: Some scholars suggest to use the ''ablaut'' backslash “\” (see [[#Punctuation_backslash|above]]) also for transfixation. <ref>Cf. Lehmann (2004: R20).</ref>.<br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Discussion:<br />
: Alternatively, Daniel Werning suggests to use a ‘new’ punctuation mark, e.g. “^”, to mark transfixation.<br />
<br />
; Current recommendation:<br />
: Currently this Wiki uses '''“{{tf}}”''' as a mark.<br />
<br />
Cf. the following examples from Akkadian:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
| ''šapārum'' || š'''a'''p'''ā'''r-um || writ'''e:I'''NF-NOM.SG ''or'' writ'''e{{tf}}I'''NF-NOM.SG || ‘(to) write; (to) send’<br />
|- <br />
| ''ašpur'' || a-šp'''u'''r || 1SG-writ'''e:P'''ST ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}P'''ST || ‘I sent’<br />
|- <br />
| ''ašappar'' || a-š'''a'''p'''pa'''r || 1SG-writ'''e:I'''PFV ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}I'''PFV || ‘I send, I will send’<br />
|- <br />
| ''aštapar'' || a-š'''&lt;ta&gt;'''p'''a'''r || 1SG-write'''&lt;PRF&gt;''' ''or'' 1SG-writ'''e{{tf}}P'''RF || ‘I have sent’<br />
|- <br />
| ''šiprum'' || š'''i'''pr-um || '''writing(M)'''-NOM.SG || ‘message, writing; work’<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
=== The period and the colon in expert mode ===<br />
<div id="Punctuation_period_expert"><br />
; (2a") The period and the colon in expert mode<br />
: If one chooses to mark affixes, clitics, reduplications and/or infixes by “-”,“=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, respectively, <br />
: – elements in a gloss should only be joined by a colon “:” as a last resort for difficult cases like e.g. transfixation, and <br />
: – elements in a gloss should only be joined by a period “.”, if these are inseparably fused in the object language word, i.e. if they are part of a ''Portmanteau'' morpheme. <ref>Cf. Lehmann (2004: R21).</ref><br />
</div><br />
<br />
; Example:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vorgestern'' || ''bin'' || ''ich'' || ''aus'' || ''einem'' || ''Kurzurlaub'' || ''zurückgekommen''.<br />
|-<br />
| Vorgestern || bin || ich || aus || ein-em || Kurz=urlaub || zurück=gekommen.<br />
|-<br />
| the_day_before_yesterday || '''be.PRS.1SG''' || '''1SG.NOM''' || out || a-'''M.DAT''' || short=vacation(M)['''SG.DAT'''] || back=com'''e:PTCP.PRF'''<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘I came back from a short vacation the day before yesterday.’}}<br />
<br />
However, the encoder may of course choose to use the colon “:” instead of any of the other indications of separable morphemes (“-”, “=”, “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, “~”, “\”) – but not for ''Portmanteau'' morphemes. But remember that that, differently to the cases of “-”, “=”, “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;”, and “~”, the colon “:” in the gloss is not supposed to match with a colon “:” in the Glossing transliteration line. <br />
<br />
Note that a separate glossing transcription line is not necessary if the encoder uses only periods “.”, colons “:”, backslashes “\”, parentheses “(&nbsp;)”, and square brackets “[&nbsp;]”.<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell &amp; Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.<br />
* Kutscher, Silvia &amp; Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (2014). [http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110311358/9783110311358.xxv/9783110311358.xxv.xml?format=EBOK ''On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages''], Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.<br />
* Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. In: Booij, Geert, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds.), ''Morphologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung. 2. Halbband'', Handbücher der Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 17/2, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1834–1857 (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf)<br />
* ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Punctuation bar}}</div>
Lvandepeut
https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Glossing_Abbreviations&diff=270
Glossing Abbreviations
2017-08-06T12:29:43Z
<p>Lvandepeut: /* Bibliography */ Hittite literature added</p>
<hr />
<div>== Kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || first person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 2 || second person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 3 || third person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| A || agent-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABL || ablative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABS || absolutive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABSTR || abstract || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ACC || accusative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ACT || active || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJ || adjective || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJZ || adjectivizer, adjectivization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADJR; Shopen (2007: xvii): ADJ; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| ADV || adverb, adverbial || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADVZ || adverbializer, adverbialization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADVR; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AGR || agreement || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AGT || agent marker || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ALL || allative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ANIM || animate || <br />
|- <br />
| ANT || anterior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Binnick (2001: 559); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 54, 61, 78); Shopen (2007: xviii); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| ANTIP || antipassive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AOR || aorist || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| APPL || applicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ART || article || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ASP || aspect (grammatical) || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| ATT || attachment, attached || Werning (2012): ATTACHED; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): ATTD<br />
|- <br />
| ATTN || attention marker || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ATTEN[tuative]; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AUX || auxiliary || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BEN || benefactive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BS || base || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| C || communis (common gender) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): COMM<br />
|- <br />
| CAUS || causative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CJVB || conjunctional verb || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRC || circumstantial || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRCF || circumference || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): CIRC<br />
|- <br />
| CLF || classifier || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CNSV || consecutive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): CONSEC; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CNJ || conjunction || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| COLL || collective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| COM || comitative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMP || complementizer || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMPL || completive || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 57): COMP; compare also: Boland (2006: 48) <br />
|- <br />
| COND || conditional || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COP || copula || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CORD || coordinating particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CVB || converb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DAT || dative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DECL || declarative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEF || definite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEM || demonstrative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DET || determiner || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DIST || distal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DISTR || distributive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DO || direct object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xviii) <br />
|- <br />
| DIVN || divine name || <br />
|- <br />
| DU || dual || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DUR || durative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| E || epenthetic morpheme || <br />
|- <br />
| ERG || ergative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ELAT || elative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| EXCL || exclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| EXLM || exclamative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): EXCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| EXTR || exterior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| F || feminine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOC || focus || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOCZ || focalizer, focalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| FUT || future || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| GEN || genitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| GODN || god or godess‘s name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): GN; cf. DIVN<br />
|- <br />
| GRND || ground || Shopen (2007: xix): G; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| HABIT || habitual || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| ILL || illative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IMP || imperative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IMPRS || impersonal || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPR, IPS; Shopen (2007: xix): IMP <br />
|- <br />
| INANIM || inanimate || <br />
|- <br />
| INESS || inessive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| INCL || inclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INCHO || inchoative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): INCH <br />
|- <br />
| IND || indicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INDF || indefinite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INF || infinitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INFR || inferior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| INS || instrumental || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INT || interior || <br />
|- <br />
| INTR || intransitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IO || indirect object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IPFV || imperfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Comrie (1976: 25, 39); compare also: Werning (2008: 275); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): IMPF; Kloekhorst (2008: xi): IMPF <br />
|- <br />
| IPRF || imperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPF; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| IRR || irrealis || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| LOC || locative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| M || masculine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| MEDP || mediopassive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): MP, MED<br />
|- <br />
| MELL || mellic || <br />
|- <br />
| MCM || main clause marker || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| MOD || modal, mode || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| MODP || modal particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| N || neuter || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| N... || non- (e.g. NPST non-past) || ''LGR'' (2008); cf. below<br />
|- <br />
| NAM || name || <br />
|- <br />
| NEG || negation, negative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| NMLZ || nominalizer, nominalization || ''LGR'' (2008); Shopen (2007: xx): NOMIN <br />
|- <br />
| NOM || nominative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBJ || object || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBL || oblique || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBLG || obligative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): OBL[igation]; Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): OBLV <br />
|- <br />
| OPT || optative || <br />
|- <br />
| ORD || ordinal number || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| P || patient-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PAT “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PASS || passive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PFV || perfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 54-55, 83): PERF; Dahl (1985: 78); Timberlake (2007: 304) <br />
|- <br />
| PL || plural || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PLUPRF || pluperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): PLUP; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| PN || personal name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| POST || posterior (relative tense) || Binnick (2001: 559); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| POSS || possessive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| POSSED || possessed || <br />
|- <br />
| POSSOR || possessor || <br />
|- <br />
| POT || potential || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| PREC || precative || <br />
|- <br />
| PRED || predicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PREP || preposition || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii), Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| PRF || perfect || ''LGR'' (2008); Timberlake (2007: 304): PF <br />
|- <br />
| PROG || progressive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROH || prohibitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROSP || prospective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): PROS<br />
|- <br />
| PROX || proximal, proximate || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| PRS || present || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): PRES <br />
|- <br />
| PRT || preterit || better use PST (Lehmann 2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| PST || past, preterit || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 55, 82); Dahl (1985: 116-117): PAST; Timberlake (2007: 315) <br />
|- <br />
| PTCP || participle || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PTCL || particle || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PTL “to be avoided”; Shopen (2007: xx): PART, PCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| PURP || purposive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| Q || question particle/marker || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| QUOT || quotative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RECP || reciprocal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REFL || reflexive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REL || relative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RES || resultative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| S || single argument of a <br/>canonical intransitive verb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJ || subject || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJV || subjunctive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBRD || subordinating particle || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): S[ubo]R[rdinator]; Shopen (2007: xxi): SUBORD; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| SIM || simultaneous (relative tense) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi)) <br />
|- <br />
| SP || sentence particle || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| SG || singular || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| STABS || ''status absolutus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110, ch. 5.1.1.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STAT || stative || Nedjalkov (2001: 928); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii); Shopen (2007: xxi): STV <br />
|- <br />
| STC || ''status constructus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STN || ''status nominalis'' || better use STC <br />
|- <br />
| STPR || ''status pronominalis'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110) <br />
|- <br />
| SUP || supine || Hoffner & Melchert (2008: xix); Kloekhorst (2008: xii)<br />
|- <br />
| SUPR || superior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): SUP[er]ESS[ive]; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TERM || terminative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| THMZ || thematizer, thematization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| TNS || tense || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| TOP || topic || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| TOPN || toponym || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): TN<br />
|- <br />
| TOPZ || topicalizer, topicalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TR || transitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| VET || vetitive || <br />
|- <br />
| VOC || vocative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Language specific abbreviations ==<br />
=== Akkadian ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| G || G-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GT || Gt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GTN || Gtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| D || D-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DT || Dt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DTN || Dtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| N || N-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| NA || animate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NI || inanimate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NTN || Ntn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| Š || Š-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| ŠT || Št-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| VENT || Ventive || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Hittite ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| ANIM || animitizing (suffix) (trad. “ergative”) || <br />
|- <br />
| INFI || infinitive I || <br />
|- <br />
| INFII || infinitve II || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations of combinations of kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Equivalent !! References<br />
|- <br />
| 1SG; 1PL; 1DU <br/>2SG; 2PL; 2DU <br/>3SG; 3PL; 3DU || 1.SG; 1.PL; 1.DU <br/>2.SG; 2.PL; 2.DU <br/>3.SG; 3.PL; 3.DU || ''LGR'' (2008: rule 5)<br />
|- <br />
| DATLOC || DAT/LOC || e.g. in Hittite (Kutscher & Werning forthc.: xxvii) <br />
|- <br />
| N... || NON. || ''LGR'' (2008: abbreviations), e.g. NPST = NON.PST<br />
|- <br />
| PA || PTCP.ACT|| e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDA || PTCP.DISTR.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDP || PTCP.DISTR.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PF || PTCP.FUT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIA || PTCP.IPFV.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIP || PTCP.IPFV.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PP || PTCP.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PPO || PTCP.POST || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TA || TNS.ASP || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TAM || TNS.ASP.MOD || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Binnick, Robert I. (2001). Temporality and Aspectuality. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 557-567.<br />
* Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins &amp; William Pagliuca (1994). ''The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World'', Chicago &amp; London: University of Chicago Press.<br />
* Comrie, Bernard (1976). ''Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Dahl, Östen (1985). ''Tense and Aspect Systems'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.<br />
* Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell &amp; Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.<br />
* Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.) (2001). ''Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook'', Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20, 2 vols., Berlin &amp; New York: Walter de Gruyter. <br />
* Hoffner, H.A. & H.C. Melchert. (2008). ''A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 1: Reference Grammar'', Languages of the Ancient Near East 1, Winona Lake, Indiana.<br />
* Klein, Wolfgang (1994). ''Time in Language'', London &amp; New York: Routledge.<br />
* Kloekhorst, A. (2008). ''Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon'', Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5, Leiden/Boston.<br />
* Kutscher, Silvia &amp; Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (2014). [http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110311358/9783110311358.xxv/9783110311358.xxv.xml?format=EBOK ''On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages''], Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.<br />
* Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear morphemic glossing, in: ''Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation'', ed. by Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan &amp; Stavros Skopeteas in cooperation with Wolfgang Kesselheim, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK) 17/2, Berlin &amp; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1834-1857. (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf)<br />
* ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.<br />
* Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (2001). Resultative Constructions. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 928-941.<br />
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2005). ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', [6th rev. ed.], Tübingen: [W.Sch.].<br />
* Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (2007). ''Language Typology and Syntactic Description'', Vol. 3., 2nd [rev.] ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Timberlake, Alan (2007). Aspect, Tense, Mood. In: Shopen (2007), 280-333. <br />
* Werning, Daniel A. (2008). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f'']. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, 261-292.</div>
Lvandepeut
https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Glossing_Abbreviations&diff=269
Glossing Abbreviations
2017-08-06T12:26:40Z
<p>Lvandepeut: /* Kernel abbreviations */ Addition of supine and optative</p>
<hr />
<div>== Kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || first person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 2 || second person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 3 || third person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| A || agent-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABL || ablative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABS || absolutive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABSTR || abstract || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ACC || accusative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ACT || active || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJ || adjective || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJZ || adjectivizer, adjectivization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADJR; Shopen (2007: xvii): ADJ; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| ADV || adverb, adverbial || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADVZ || adverbializer, adverbialization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADVR; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AGR || agreement || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AGT || agent marker || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ALL || allative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ANIM || animate || <br />
|- <br />
| ANT || anterior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Binnick (2001: 559); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 54, 61, 78); Shopen (2007: xviii); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| ANTIP || antipassive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AOR || aorist || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| APPL || applicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ART || article || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ASP || aspect (grammatical) || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| ATT || attachment, attached || Werning (2012): ATTACHED; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): ATTD<br />
|- <br />
| ATTN || attention marker || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ATTEN[tuative]; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AUX || auxiliary || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BEN || benefactive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BS || base || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| C || communis (common gender) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): COMM<br />
|- <br />
| CAUS || causative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CJVB || conjunctional verb || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRC || circumstantial || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRCF || circumference || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): CIRC<br />
|- <br />
| CLF || classifier || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CNSV || consecutive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): CONSEC; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CNJ || conjunction || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| COLL || collective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| COM || comitative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMP || complementizer || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMPL || completive || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 57): COMP; compare also: Boland (2006: 48) <br />
|- <br />
| COND || conditional || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COP || copula || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CORD || coordinating particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CVB || converb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DAT || dative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DECL || declarative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEF || definite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEM || demonstrative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DET || determiner || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DIST || distal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DISTR || distributive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DO || direct object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xviii) <br />
|- <br />
| DIVN || divine name || <br />
|- <br />
| DU || dual || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DUR || durative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| E || epenthetic morpheme || <br />
|- <br />
| ERG || ergative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ELAT || elative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| EXCL || exclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| EXLM || exclamative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): EXCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| EXTR || exterior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| F || feminine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOC || focus || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOCZ || focalizer, focalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| FUT || future || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| GEN || genitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| GODN || god or godess‘s name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): GN; cf. DIVN<br />
|- <br />
| GRND || ground || Shopen (2007: xix): G; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| HABIT || habitual || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| ILL || illative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IMP || imperative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IMPRS || impersonal || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPR, IPS; Shopen (2007: xix): IMP <br />
|- <br />
| INANIM || inanimate || <br />
|- <br />
| INESS || inessive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| INCL || inclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INCHO || inchoative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): INCH <br />
|- <br />
| IND || indicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INDF || indefinite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INF || infinitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INFR || inferior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| INS || instrumental || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INT || interior || <br />
|- <br />
| INTR || intransitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IO || indirect object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IPFV || imperfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Comrie (1976: 25, 39); compare also: Werning (2008: 275); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): IMPF; Kloekhorst (2008: xi): IMPF <br />
|- <br />
| IPRF || imperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPF; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| IRR || irrealis || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| LOC || locative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| M || masculine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| MEDP || mediopassive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): MP, MED<br />
|- <br />
| MELL || mellic || <br />
|- <br />
| MCM || main clause marker || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| MOD || modal, mode || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| MODP || modal particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| N || neuter || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| N... || non- (e.g. NPST non-past) || ''LGR'' (2008); cf. below<br />
|- <br />
| NAM || name || <br />
|- <br />
| NEG || negation, negative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| NMLZ || nominalizer, nominalization || ''LGR'' (2008); Shopen (2007: xx): NOMIN <br />
|- <br />
| NOM || nominative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBJ || object || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBL || oblique || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBLG || obligative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): OBL[igation]; Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): OBLV <br />
|- <br />
| OPT || optative || <br />
|- <br />
| ORD || ordinal number || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| P || patient-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PAT “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PASS || passive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PFV || perfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 54-55, 83): PERF; Dahl (1985: 78); Timberlake (2007: 304) <br />
|- <br />
| PL || plural || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PLUPRF || pluperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): PLUP; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| PN || personal name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| POST || posterior (relative tense) || Binnick (2001: 559); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| POSS || possessive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| POSSED || possessed || <br />
|- <br />
| POSSOR || possessor || <br />
|- <br />
| POT || potential || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| PREC || precative || <br />
|- <br />
| PRED || predicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PREP || preposition || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii), Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| PRF || perfect || ''LGR'' (2008); Timberlake (2007: 304): PF <br />
|- <br />
| PROG || progressive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROH || prohibitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROSP || prospective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): PROS<br />
|- <br />
| PROX || proximal, proximate || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| PRS || present || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): PRES <br />
|- <br />
| PRT || preterit || better use PST (Lehmann 2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| PST || past, preterit || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 55, 82); Dahl (1985: 116-117): PAST; Timberlake (2007: 315) <br />
|- <br />
| PTCP || participle || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PTCL || particle || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PTL “to be avoided”; Shopen (2007: xx): PART, PCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| PURP || purposive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| Q || question particle/marker || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| QUOT || quotative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RECP || reciprocal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REFL || reflexive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REL || relative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RES || resultative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| S || single argument of a <br/>canonical intransitive verb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJ || subject || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJV || subjunctive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBRD || subordinating particle || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): S[ubo]R[rdinator]; Shopen (2007: xxi): SUBORD; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| SIM || simultaneous (relative tense) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi)) <br />
|- <br />
| SP || sentence particle || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| SG || singular || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| STABS || ''status absolutus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110, ch. 5.1.1.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STAT || stative || Nedjalkov (2001: 928); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii); Shopen (2007: xxi): STV <br />
|- <br />
| STC || ''status constructus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STN || ''status nominalis'' || better use STC <br />
|- <br />
| STPR || ''status pronominalis'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110) <br />
|- <br />
| SUP || supine || Hoffner & Melchert (2008: xix); Kloekhorst (2008: xii)<br />
|- <br />
| SUPR || superior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): SUP[er]ESS[ive]; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TERM || terminative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| THMZ || thematizer, thematization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| TNS || tense || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| TOP || topic || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| TOPN || toponym || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): TN<br />
|- <br />
| TOPZ || topicalizer, topicalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TR || transitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| VET || vetitive || <br />
|- <br />
| VOC || vocative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Language specific abbreviations ==<br />
=== Akkadian ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| G || G-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GT || Gt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GTN || Gtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| D || D-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DT || Dt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DTN || Dtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| N || N-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| NA || animate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NI || inanimate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NTN || Ntn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| Š || Š-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| ŠT || Št-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| VENT || Ventive || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Hittite ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| ANIM || animitizing (suffix) (trad. “ergative”) || <br />
|- <br />
| INFI || infinitive I || <br />
|- <br />
| INFII || infinitve II || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations of combinations of kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Equivalent !! References<br />
|- <br />
| 1SG; 1PL; 1DU <br/>2SG; 2PL; 2DU <br/>3SG; 3PL; 3DU || 1.SG; 1.PL; 1.DU <br/>2.SG; 2.PL; 2.DU <br/>3.SG; 3.PL; 3.DU || ''LGR'' (2008: rule 5)<br />
|- <br />
| DATLOC || DAT/LOC || e.g. in Hittite (Kutscher & Werning forthc.: xxvii) <br />
|- <br />
| N... || NON. || ''LGR'' (2008: abbreviations), e.g. NPST = NON.PST<br />
|- <br />
| PA || PTCP.ACT|| e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDA || PTCP.DISTR.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDP || PTCP.DISTR.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PF || PTCP.FUT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIA || PTCP.IPFV.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIP || PTCP.IPFV.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PP || PTCP.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PPO || PTCP.POST || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TA || TNS.ASP || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TAM || TNS.ASP.MOD || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Binnick, Robert I. (2001). Temporality and Aspectuality. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 557-567.<br />
* Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins &amp; William Pagliuca (1994). ''The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World'', Chicago &amp; London: University of Chicago Press.<br />
* Comrie, Bernard (1976). ''Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Dahl, Östen (1985). ''Tense and Aspect Systems'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.<br />
* Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell &amp; Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.<br />
* Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.) (2001). ''Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook'', Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20, 2 vols., Berlin &amp; New York: Walter de Gruyter. <br />
* Klein, Wolfgang (1994). ''Time in Language'', London &amp; New York: Routledge.<br />
* Kutscher, Silvia &amp; Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (2014). [http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110311358/9783110311358.xxv/9783110311358.xxv.xml?format=EBOK ''On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages''], Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.<br />
* Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear morphemic glossing, in: ''Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation'', ed. by Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan &amp; Stavros Skopeteas in cooperation with Wolfgang Kesselheim, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK) 17/2, Berlin &amp; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1834-1857. (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf)<br />
* ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.<br />
* Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (2001). Resultative Constructions. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 928-941.<br />
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2005). ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', [6th rev. ed.], Tübingen: [W.Sch.].<br />
* Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (2007). ''Language Typology and Syntactic Description'', Vol. 3., 2nd [rev.] ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Timberlake, Alan (2007). Aspect, Tense, Mood. In: Shopen (2007), 280-333. <br />
* Werning, Daniel A. (2008). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f'']. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, 261-292.</div>
Lvandepeut
https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Glossing_Abbreviations&diff=268
Glossing Abbreviations
2017-08-06T12:22:40Z
<p>Lvandepeut: /* Language specific abbreviations */ Hittite specific categories</p>
<hr />
<div>== Kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || first person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 2 || second person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 3 || third person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| A || agent-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABL || ablative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABS || absolutive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABSTR || abstract || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ACC || accusative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ACT || active || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJ || adjective || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJZ || adjectivizer, adjectivization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADJR; Shopen (2007: xvii): ADJ; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| ADV || adverb, adverbial || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADVZ || adverbializer, adverbialization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADVR; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AGR || agreement || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AGT || agent marker || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ALL || allative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ANIM || animate || <br />
|- <br />
| ANT || anterior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Binnick (2001: 559); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 54, 61, 78); Shopen (2007: xviii); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| ANTIP || antipassive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AOR || aorist || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| APPL || applicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ART || article || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ASP || aspect (grammatical) || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| ATT || attachment, attached || Werning (2012): ATTACHED; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): ATTD<br />
|- <br />
| ATTN || attention marker || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ATTEN[tuative]; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AUX || auxiliary || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BEN || benefactive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BS || base || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| C || communis (common gender) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): COMM<br />
|- <br />
| CAUS || causative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CJVB || conjunctional verb || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRC || circumstantial || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRCF || circumference || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): CIRC<br />
|- <br />
| CLF || classifier || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CNSV || consecutive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): CONSEC; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CNJ || conjunction || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| COLL || collective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| COM || comitative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMP || complementizer || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMPL || completive || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 57): COMP; compare also: Boland (2006: 48) <br />
|- <br />
| COND || conditional || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COP || copula || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CORD || coordinating particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CVB || converb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DAT || dative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DECL || declarative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEF || definite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEM || demonstrative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DET || determiner || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DIST || distal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DISTR || distributive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DO || direct object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xviii) <br />
|- <br />
| DIVN || divine name || <br />
|- <br />
| DU || dual || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DUR || durative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| E || epenthetic morpheme || <br />
|- <br />
| ERG || ergative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ELAT || elative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| EXCL || exclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| EXLM || exclamative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): EXCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| EXTR || exterior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| F || feminine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOC || focus || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOCZ || focalizer, focalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| FUT || future || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| GEN || genitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| GODN || god or godess‘s name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): GN; cf. DIVN<br />
|- <br />
| GRND || ground || Shopen (2007: xix): G; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| HABIT || habitual || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| ILL || illative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IMP || imperative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IMPRS || impersonal || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPR, IPS; Shopen (2007: xix): IMP <br />
|- <br />
| INANIM || inanimate || <br />
|- <br />
| INESS || inessive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| INCL || inclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INCHO || inchoative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): INCH <br />
|- <br />
| IND || indicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INDF || indefinite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INF || infinitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INFR || inferior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| INS || instrumental || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INT || interior || <br />
|- <br />
| INTR || intransitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IO || indirect object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IPFV || imperfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Comrie (1976: 25, 39); compare also: Werning (2008: 275); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): IMPF <br />
|- <br />
| IPRF || imperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPF; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| IRR || irrealis || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| LOC || locative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| M || masculine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| MEDP || mediopassive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): MP, MED<br />
|- <br />
| MELL || mellic || <br />
|- <br />
| MCM || main clause marker || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| MOD || modal, mode || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| MODP || modal particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| N || neuter || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| N... || non- (e.g. NPST non-past) || ''LGR'' (2008); cf. below<br />
|- <br />
| NAM || name || <br />
|- <br />
| NEG || negation, negative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| NMLZ || nominalizer, nominalization || ''LGR'' (2008); Shopen (2007: xx): NOMIN <br />
|- <br />
| NOM || nominative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBJ || object || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBL || oblique || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBLG || obligative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): OBL[igation]; Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): OBLV <br />
|- <br />
| ORD || ordinal number || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| P || patient-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PAT “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PASS || passive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PFV || perfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 54-55, 83): PERF; Dahl (1985: 78); Timberlake (2007: 304) <br />
|- <br />
| PL || plural || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PLUPRF || pluperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): PLUP; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| PN || personal name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| POST || posterior (relative tense) || Binnick (2001: 559); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| POSS || possessive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| POSSED || possessed || <br />
|- <br />
| POSSOR || possessor || <br />
|- <br />
| POT || potential || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| PREC || precative || <br />
|- <br />
| PRED || predicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PREP || preposition || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii), Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| PRF || perfect || ''LGR'' (2008); Timberlake (2007: 304): PF <br />
|- <br />
| PROG || progressive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROH || prohibitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROSP || prospective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): PROS<br />
|- <br />
| PROX || proximal, proximate || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| PRS || present || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): PRES <br />
|- <br />
| PRT || preterit || better use PST (Lehmann 2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| PST || past, preterit || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 55, 82); Dahl (1985: 116-117): PAST; Timberlake (2007: 315) <br />
|- <br />
| PTCP || participle || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PTCL || particle || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PTL “to be avoided”; Shopen (2007: xx): PART, PCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| PURP || purposive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| Q || question particle/marker || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| QUOT || quotative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RECP || reciprocal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REFL || reflexive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REL || relative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RES || resultative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| S || single argument of a <br/>canonical intransitive verb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJ || subject || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJV || subjunctive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBRD || subordinating particle || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): S[ubo]R[rdinator]; Shopen (2007: xxi): SUBORD; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| SIM || simultaneous (relative tense) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi)) <br />
|- <br />
| SP || sentence particle || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| SG || singular || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| STABS || ''status absolutus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110, ch. 5.1.1.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STAT || stative || Nedjalkov (2001: 928); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii); Shopen (2007: xxi): STV <br />
|- <br />
| STC || ''status constructus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STN || ''status nominalis'' || better use STC <br />
|- <br />
| STPR || ''status pronominalis'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110) <br />
|- <br />
| SUPR || superior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): SUP[er]ESS[ive]; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TERM || terminative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| THMZ || thematizer, thematization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| TNS || tense || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| TOP || topic || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| TOPN || toponym || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): TN<br />
|- <br />
| TOPZ || topicalizer, topicalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TR || transitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| VET || vetitive || <br />
|- <br />
| VOC || vocative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Language specific abbreviations ==<br />
=== Akkadian ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| G || G-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GT || Gt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GTN || Gtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| D || D-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DT || Dt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DTN || Dtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| N || N-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| NA || animate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NI || inanimate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NTN || Ntn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| Š || Š-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| ŠT || Št-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| VENT || Ventive || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Hittite ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| ANIM || animitizing (suffix) (trad. “ergative”) || <br />
|- <br />
| INFI || infinitive I || <br />
|- <br />
| INFII || infinitve II || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations of combinations of kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Equivalent !! References<br />
|- <br />
| 1SG; 1PL; 1DU <br/>2SG; 2PL; 2DU <br/>3SG; 3PL; 3DU || 1.SG; 1.PL; 1.DU <br/>2.SG; 2.PL; 2.DU <br/>3.SG; 3.PL; 3.DU || ''LGR'' (2008: rule 5)<br />
|- <br />
| DATLOC || DAT/LOC || e.g. in Hittite (Kutscher & Werning forthc.: xxvii) <br />
|- <br />
| N... || NON. || ''LGR'' (2008: abbreviations), e.g. NPST = NON.PST<br />
|- <br />
| PA || PTCP.ACT|| e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDA || PTCP.DISTR.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDP || PTCP.DISTR.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PF || PTCP.FUT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIA || PTCP.IPFV.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIP || PTCP.IPFV.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PP || PTCP.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PPO || PTCP.POST || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TA || TNS.ASP || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TAM || TNS.ASP.MOD || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Binnick, Robert I. (2001). Temporality and Aspectuality. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 557-567.<br />
* Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins &amp; William Pagliuca (1994). ''The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World'', Chicago &amp; London: University of Chicago Press.<br />
* Comrie, Bernard (1976). ''Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Dahl, Östen (1985). ''Tense and Aspect Systems'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.<br />
* Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell &amp; Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.<br />
* Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.) (2001). ''Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook'', Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20, 2 vols., Berlin &amp; New York: Walter de Gruyter. <br />
* Klein, Wolfgang (1994). ''Time in Language'', London &amp; New York: Routledge.<br />
* Kutscher, Silvia &amp; Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (2014). [http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110311358/9783110311358.xxv/9783110311358.xxv.xml?format=EBOK ''On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages''], Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.<br />
* Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear morphemic glossing, in: ''Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation'', ed. by Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan &amp; Stavros Skopeteas in cooperation with Wolfgang Kesselheim, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK) 17/2, Berlin &amp; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1834-1857. (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf)<br />
* ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.<br />
* Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (2001). Resultative Constructions. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 928-941.<br />
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2005). ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', [6th rev. ed.], Tübingen: [W.Sch.].<br />
* Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (2007). ''Language Typology and Syntactic Description'', Vol. 3., 2nd [rev.] ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Timberlake, Alan (2007). Aspect, Tense, Mood. In: Shopen (2007), 280-333. <br />
* Werning, Daniel A. (2008). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f'']. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, 261-292.</div>
Lvandepeut
https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Glossing_Abbreviations&diff=267
Glossing Abbreviations
2017-08-06T12:11:37Z
<p>Lvandepeut: /* Kernel abbreviations */ Correction of absolutive abbreviation</p>
<hr />
<div>== Kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || first person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 2 || second person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| 3 || third person || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| A || agent-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABL || ablative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABS || absolutive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ABSTR || abstract || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ACC || accusative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ACT || active || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJ || adjective || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADJZ || adjectivizer, adjectivization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADJR; Shopen (2007: xvii): ADJ; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| ADV || adverb, adverbial || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ADVZ || adverbializer, adverbialization || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ADVR; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AGR || agreement || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AGT || agent marker || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| ALL || allative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ANIM || animate || <br />
|- <br />
| ANT || anterior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Binnick (2001: 559); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 54, 61, 78); Shopen (2007: xviii); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| ANTIP || antipassive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| AOR || aorist || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| APPL || applicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ART || article || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ASP || aspect (grammatical) || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| ATT || attachment, attached || Werning (2012): ATTACHED; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): ATTD<br />
|- <br />
| ATTN || attention marker || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): ATTEN[tuative]; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| AUX || auxiliary || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BEN || benefactive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| BS || base || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| C || communis (common gender) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): COMM<br />
|- <br />
| CAUS || causative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CJVB || conjunctional verb || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRC || circumstantial || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| CIRCF || circumference || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): CIRC<br />
|- <br />
| CLF || classifier || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CNSV || consecutive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): CONSEC; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CNJ || conjunction || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| COLL || collective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| COM || comitative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMP || complementizer || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COMPL || completive || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi, 57): COMP; compare also: Boland (2006: 48) <br />
|- <br />
| COND || conditional || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| COP || copula || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| CORD || coordinating particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| CVB || converb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DAT || dative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DECL || declarative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEF || definite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DEM || demonstrative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DET || determiner || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DIST || distal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DISTR || distributive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DO || direct object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xviii) <br />
|- <br />
| DIVN || divine name || <br />
|- <br />
| DU || dual || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| DUR || durative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| E || epenthetic morpheme || <br />
|- <br />
| ERG || ergative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| ELAT || elative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| EXCL || exclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| EXLM || exclamative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): EXCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| EXTR || exterior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| F || feminine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOC || focus || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| FOCZ || focalizer, focalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| FUT || future || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| GEN || genitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| GODN || god or godess‘s name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): GN; cf. DIVN<br />
|- <br />
| GRND || ground || Shopen (2007: xix): G; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350) <br />
|- <br />
| HABIT || habitual || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| ILL || illative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IMP || imperative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IMPRS || impersonal || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPR, IPS; Shopen (2007: xix): IMP <br />
|- <br />
| INANIM || inanimate || <br />
|- <br />
| INESS || inessive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| INCL || inclusive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INCHO || inchoative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): INCH <br />
|- <br />
| IND || indicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INDF || indefinite || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INF || infinitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INFR || inferior || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| INS || instrumental || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| INT || interior || <br />
|- <br />
| INTR || intransitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| IO || indirect object || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| IPFV || imperfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Comrie (1976: 25, 39); compare also: Werning (2008: 275); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): IMPF <br />
|- <br />
| IPRF || imperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): IMPF; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| IRR || irrealis || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| LOC || locative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| M || masculine || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| MEDP || mediopassive || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): MP, MED<br />
|- <br />
| MELL || mellic || <br />
|- <br />
| MCM || main clause marker || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| MOD || modal, mode || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| MODP || modal particle || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350)<br />
|- <br />
| N || neuter || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| N... || non- (e.g. NPST non-past) || ''LGR'' (2008); cf. below<br />
|- <br />
| NAM || name || <br />
|- <br />
| NEG || negation, negative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| NMLZ || nominalizer, nominalization || ''LGR'' (2008); Shopen (2007: xx): NOMIN <br />
|- <br />
| NOM || nominative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBJ || object || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBL || oblique || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| OBLG || obligative || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii): OBL[igation]; Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): OBLV <br />
|- <br />
| ORD || ordinal number || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4)<br />
|- <br />
| P || patient-like argument of a <br/>canonical transitive verb || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PAT “to be avoided”; ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PASS || passive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PFV || perfective || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 54-55, 83): PERF; Dahl (1985: 78); Timberlake (2007: 304) <br />
|- <br />
| PL || plural || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PLUPRF || pluperfect || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): PLUP; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| PN || personal name || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi)<br />
|- <br />
| POST || posterior (relative tense) || Binnick (2001: 559); Werning (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| POSS || possessive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| POSSED || possessed || <br />
|- <br />
| POSSOR || possessor || <br />
|- <br />
| POT || potential || Bybee et al. (1994: xxi); Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi) <br />
|- <br />
| PREC || precative || <br />
|- <br />
| PRED || predicative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PREP || preposition || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii), Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| PRF || perfect || ''LGR'' (2008); Timberlake (2007: 304): PF <br />
|- <br />
| PROG || progressive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROH || prohibitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PROSP || prospective || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 350): PROS<br />
|- <br />
| PROX || proximal, proximate || ''LGR'' (2008) <br />
|- <br />
| PRS || present || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: xxi): PRES <br />
|- <br />
| PRT || preterit || better use PST (Lehmann 2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| PST || past, preterit || ''LGR'' (2008); Bybee et al. (1994: 55, 82); Dahl (1985: 116-117): PAST; Timberlake (2007: 315) <br />
|- <br />
| PTCP || participle || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| PTCL || particle || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): PTL “to be avoided”; Shopen (2007: xx): PART, PCL; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| PURP || purposive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| Q || question particle/marker || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| QUOT || quotative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RECP || reciprocal || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REFL || reflexive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| REL || relative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| RES || resultative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| S || single argument of a <br/>canonical intransitive verb || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJ || subject || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBJV || subjunctive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| SBRD || subordinating particle || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): S[ubo]R[rdinator]; Shopen (2007: xxi): SUBORD; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| SIM || simultaneous (relative tense) || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4); Shopen (2007: xxi)) <br />
|- <br />
| SP || sentence particle || Bybee et al. (1994: xxii) <br />
|- <br />
| SG || singular || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| STABS || ''status absolutus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110, ch. 5.1.1.4); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STAT || stative || Nedjalkov (2001: 928); Bybee et al. (1994: xxii); Shopen (2007: xxi): STV <br />
|- <br />
| STC || ''status constructus'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110); Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| STN || ''status nominalis'' || better use STC <br />
|- <br />
| STPR || ''status pronominalis'' || Schenkel (2005: 109/110) <br />
|- <br />
| SUPR || superior || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4): SUP[er]ESS[ive]; Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TERM || terminative || Lehmann (2004: Tab. 169.4) <br />
|- <br />
| THMZ || thematizer, thematization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351) <br />
|- <br />
| TNS || tense || Lehmann (2004: 1844, Tab. 169.3): “to be avoided”<br />
|- <br />
| TOP || topic || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| TOPN || toponym || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvi): TN<br />
|- <br />
| TOPZ || topicalizer, topicalization || Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TR || transitive || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|- <br />
| VET || vetitive || <br />
|- <br />
| VOC || vocative || ''LGR'' (2008)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Language specific abbreviations ==<br />
=== Akkadian ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Meaning !! References<br />
|-<br />
|- <br />
| G || G-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GT || Gt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| GTN || Gtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| D || D-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DT || Dt-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| DTN || Dtn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| N || N-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| NA || animate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NI || inanimate noun || <br />
|- <br />
| NTN || Ntn-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| Š || Š-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| ŠT || Št-Stem || <br />
|- <br />
| VENT || Ventive || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations of combinations of kernel abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation !! Equivalent !! References<br />
|- <br />
| 1SG; 1PL; 1DU <br/>2SG; 2PL; 2DU <br/>3SG; 3PL; 3DU || 1.SG; 1.PL; 1.DU <br/>2.SG; 2.PL; 2.DU <br/>3.SG; 3.PL; 3.DU || ''LGR'' (2008: rule 5)<br />
|- <br />
| DATLOC || DAT/LOC || e.g. in Hittite (Kutscher & Werning forthc.: xxvii) <br />
|- <br />
| N... || NON. || ''LGR'' (2008: abbreviations), e.g. NPST = NON.PST<br />
|- <br />
| PA || PTCP.ACT|| e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDA || PTCP.DISTR.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PDP || PTCP.DISTR.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PF || PTCP.FUT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIA || PTCP.IPFV.ACT || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PIP || PTCP.IPFV.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PP || PTCP.PASS || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| PPO || PTCP.POST || e.g. in Egyptian; Di&nbsp;Biase-Dyson et al. (2009: 351)<br />
|- <br />
| TA || TNS.ASP || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|- <br />
| TAM || TNS.ASP.MOD || Kutscher &amp; Werning (forthc.: xxvii)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Binnick, Robert I. (2001). Temporality and Aspectuality. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 557-567.<br />
* Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins &amp; William Pagliuca (1994). ''The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World'', Chicago &amp; London: University of Chicago Press.<br />
* Comrie, Bernard (1976). ''Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Dahl, Östen (1985). ''Tense and Aspect Systems'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.<br />
* Di Biase Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell &amp; Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.<br />
* Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.) (2001). ''Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook'', Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20, 2 vols., Berlin &amp; New York: Walter de Gruyter. <br />
* Klein, Wolfgang (1994). ''Time in Language'', London &amp; New York: Routledge.<br />
* Kutscher, Silvia &amp; Daniel A. Werning (eds.) (2014). [http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110311358/9783110311358.xxv/9783110311358.xxv.xml?format=EBOK ''On Ancient Grammars of Space: Linguistic Research on the Expression of Spatial Relations and Motion in Ancient Languages''], Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin: de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110311358.<br />
* Lehmann, Christian (2004). Interlinear morphemic glossing, in: ''Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation'', ed. by Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan &amp; Stavros Skopeteas in cooperation with Wolfgang Kesselheim, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK) 17/2, Berlin &amp; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1834-1857. (online manuscript: http://www.folialinguistica.com/documents/Interlinearmorphemicglossing.pdf)<br />
* ''LGR'' (2008) = ''The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses'', ed. by the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel), http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, Leipzig, 12. Sept. 2008.<br />
* Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (2001). Resultative Constructions. In: Haspelmath et al. (2001): 928-941.<br />
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2005). ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', [6th rev. ed.], Tübingen: [W.Sch.].<br />
* Shopen, Timothy (ed.) (2007). ''Language Typology and Syntactic Description'', Vol. 3., 2nd [rev.] ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Timberlake, Alan (2007). Aspect, Tense, Mood. In: Shopen (2007), 280-333. <br />
* Werning, Daniel A. (2008). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f'']. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, 261-292.</div>
Lvandepeut
https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Hittite:Glossing_recommendations&diff=266
Hittite:Glossing recommendations
2017-08-06T12:08:41Z
<p>Lvandepeut: New content: section Problems with the Cuneiform Script: Syllabic and Logographic spelling</p>
<hr />
<div>== Examples for common forms ==<br />
<br />
(In preperation.)<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== Extra Glossing transcription line ==<br />
Traditional scholarly transliteration as well as bound transcription of '''Hittite''' uses punctuation, too. This punctuation is in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the [[Glossing Rules]].<br />
<br />
Compare the following table:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Puctuation !! Meaning in scholarly<br/>transliterations of Hittite !! Meaning in scholarly <br/>bound transcription of Hittite !! Meaning in <br/>Glossing transcription line !! Meaning in <br/>Glossing line <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''.''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange|Separates cuneiform signs used in Sumerograms}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_period_expert|''Portmanteau'']] morpheme<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | ''':''' || {{Red|''Glossenkeil''}} || — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_colon|Morpheme separator]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''-''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Separates cuneiform signs used in Akkadograms and in syllabic spelling}} || colspan="2" |[[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''=''' || — || Clitic || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|Clitic]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''(&nbsp;)''' || — || {{Orange|Non-overt phonemes, <br/>scholarly reconstruction}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_parentheses|Inherent]] category<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''[&nbsp;]''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Completely destroyed text (''lacuna''), <br/>potentially with reconstructed content}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_square_brackets|‘Zero’ morpheme]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''&lceil;&nbsp;&rceil;''' || colspan="2" | Partially destroyed text, <br/>usually with reconstructed content || colspan="2" | — <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''{&nbsp;}''' || colspan="2" | Erasure || colspan="2" | — <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''&lt;&nbsp;&gt;''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Emendation of a scribal error (addition)}} || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_angle_brackets|Infix]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''&lt;&lt;&nbsp;&gt;&gt;''' || colspan="2" | Emendation of a scribal error (deletion) || colspan="2" | —<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''~''' || colspan="2" | — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_tilde|Reduplication]] morpheme<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''{{tf}}''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_transfix|Transfix]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''_''' || colspan="2" | — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_object_language|Fixed phrase]] || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_gloss|Fixed phrase]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''\''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_backslash|''Ablaut'']] phenomenon<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''/''' || colspan="2" | (Options) || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_slash|Ambigous]] morpheme<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In order to prevent any confusion, it is strongly advisable or, as far as “-” and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” are concerned, even mandatory not to use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line (directly above the Glossing line). Keep in mind that the '''number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to [[Glossing_Rules#Correct_sequential_alignment|match exactly]]'''.<br />
<br />
; Problematic examples:<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |<br />
|-<br />
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Ku{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}uš{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ša{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Red|&lt;}}ra{{Red|&gt;}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''kat{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}an{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ga{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ri{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it'' || ''ụ́{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}'' <br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |<br />
|- <br />
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa{{Red|&lt;}}ra{{Red|&gt;}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''katta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}ngarit'' || ''u{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}et{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
Consequently, the encoder needs to add '''an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’''' between the traditional Transliteration line (or traditional Bound transcription line) and the Glossing line. <br />
<br />
; Examples:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}} |<br />
|-<br />
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Ku-uš-ša-&lt;ra&gt;'' || URU-''az'' || ''kat-ta'' || ''[pa-]an-ga-ri-it'' || ''ụ́[-it]'' <br />
|- <br />
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit<br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT || uet<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{Glossing table}} |<br />
|- <br />
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa&lt;ra&gt;'' || URU-''az'' || ''katta'' || ''[pa]ngarit'' || ''u[et]''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit || uet<br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the [[Glossing Rules]]. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her scholarly tradition.<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines ==<br />
To '''derive a valid Glossing transcription line''' from a traditional transliteration or transcription line, the follwoing hand-on rules may help.<br />
<br />
Compare the following table:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Traditional <br/>transliteration <br/>line !! Traditional <br/>transcription <br/>line !! Glossing <br/>transliteration line !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" rowspan="2" | '''.''' || make bound transcription || <br />
|-<br />
| keep it (if bound transcription impossible) || LUGAL.GAL → LUGAL.GAL king:great ‘Great King’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | {{Red|''':'''}} || || leave out || <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || || make bound transcription of either the underlying Hittite word or of the Akkadogram, i.e. the Akkadian word || ''Ku-uš-ša-ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br/>URU-''az'' → URUaz city:ABL ‘from (the) city’<br />
|-<br />
| || align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || like “.”, but with sumerograms; <br/>keep italics for sumerogram || GAL-''ŠUNU'' → GAL.''ŠUNU'' great:POSS.3PL.C ‘their leader’ <br />
|-<br />
| || align="center" | = || keep it ([[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|clitic]]) || ''me-e-ni-im-me-et'' → mēni=mmet face:ACC.SG.N=POSS.1SG.NOM/ACC.SG.N ‘my face’<br />
|-<br />
| || align="center" | '''(&nbsp;)''' || leave parentheses <br/>and content out || ''n(u)=an'' → n=an CNJ=3SG.ACC.C ‘and him’ <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | (superscript) || leave classifiers out || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussara'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | {{Red|'''&lt;&nbsp;&gt;'''}} || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa&lt;ra&gt;'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''{&nbsp;}''' || leave brackets and content out || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa{sa}ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''[&nbsp;]''' || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content or leave it out || <sup>URU</sup>''[Kussa]ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br/><sup>URU</sup>''[Kussa]ra'' → [__]ra ‘[''destroyed'']’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''&lceil;&nbsp;&rceil;''' || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content || <sup>URU</sup>''&lceil;Kussa&rceil;ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== Problems with the Cuneiform Script: Syllabic and Logographic spelling ==<br />
The Hittite language was written in the cuneiform script that ultimately derived from Southern Mesopotamia. The cuneiform script consists of syllabic and logographic signs. Since the script was originally not invented to write an Indo-European language such as Hittite, it is not the best suitable script to write such a language. The Hittite cuneiform script uses consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) signs as well as single vowel (V) signs and consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) signs. This syllabic writing system masks the exact phonetics of the Hittite language. For example, it makes it impossible to write consonant clusters which are common in Indo-European languages. Logograms in Hittite texts are signs or combinations of signs that designate a specific Hittite word. Two types of logograms are distinguished in Hittite texts: Sumerograms and Akkadograms. Sumerograms are words from the Sumerian language whereas Akkadograms are words from the Akkadian language. <br />
<br />
In transliterations of Hittite texts it is custom to distinguish between the different logographic and syllabic spellings. Syllabic signs, which reflect the Hittite language directly, are written in italics and separated by hyphens (-). Sumerograms are written in capital letters and uses dots (.) to separate the different signs, whereas Akkadograms are written in italicized capital letters and uses hyphens (-) to separate the different signs. In addition, one finds syllabic endings attached to logographically written words. Akkadographic endings can also be attached to a Sumerogram, these are written in superscript. <br />
Examples:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Transliteration !! Glossing transcription !! Gloss<br />
|-<br />
| MUNUS.LUGAL || MUNUS.LUGAL || queen<br />
|-<br />
| DUMU || DUMU || son<br />
|-<br />
| DUMU-''aš'' || DUMU''aš'' || son:GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''A-BU'' || ''ABU'' or ''attaš'' || father:NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| DINGIR''LIM-iš'' || DINGIR''LIMiš'' || god:NOM.SG.C<br />
|}<br />
<br />
These logograms can complicate glossing a Hittite text, especially when the Hittite word underlying the Sumerogram or Akkadogram is unknown. We suggest to do the following when one is glossing a Hittite text or text passage. If possible, write the underlying Hittite word(s) in its correct form in the glossing transliteration line. When the underlying word or its correct form is unknown, leave the logogram in its capitalized format. For Sumerograms one should also leave the separating dots. For Akkadograms one should make a bound transcription of the Akkadian word and, hence, remove the separating hyphens, but leave the italics. The hyphen that connects the syllabically written endings may be removed. <br />
<br />
One should be cautious to gloss the underlying Hittite language and not the script. For example, unlike Hittite Akkadian does distinguish between masculine and feminine and this can be reflected in Akkadograms such as in DUMU=''ŠU'' ‘his son’. Nonetheless one should not gloss it as masculine (M), since that does not reflect the Hittite language (DUMU=''ŠU'' son=his.POSS.3SG.C (not M!)). In addition, a Hittite construction may differ from that of a logographically written one. For example, Akkadograms, in accordance with the Akkadian language, make use of prepositions, whereas Hittite uses postpositions or perhaps a case ending instead.<br />
<br />
On the Hittite cuneiform script, Hittite writing conventions and modern transcription conventions, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: pp. 9-24.</div>
Lvandepeut
https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Hittite:Glossing_recommendations&diff=265
Hittite:Glossing recommendations
2017-08-06T11:58:02Z
<p>Lvandepeut: Few corrections and additions to tables</p>
<hr />
<div>== Examples for common forms ==<br />
<br />
(In preperation.)<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== Extra Glossing transcription line ==<br />
Traditional scholarly transliteration as well as bound transcription of '''Hittite''' uses punctuation, too. This punctuation is in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the [[Glossing Rules]].<br />
<br />
Compare the following table:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Puctuation !! Meaning in scholarly<br/>transliterations of Hittite !! Meaning in scholarly <br/>bound transcription of Hittite !! Meaning in <br/>Glossing transcription line !! Meaning in <br/>Glossing line <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''.''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange|Separates cuneiform signs used in Sumerograms}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_period_expert|''Portmanteau'']] morpheme<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | ''':''' || {{Red|''Glossenkeil''}} || — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_colon|Morpheme separator]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''-''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Separates cuneiform signs used in Akkadograms and in syllabic spelling}} || colspan="2" |[[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''=''' || — || Clitic || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|Clitic]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''(&nbsp;)''' || — || {{Orange|Non-overt phonemes, <br/>scholarly reconstruction}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_parentheses|Inherent]] category<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''[&nbsp;]''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Completely destroyed text (''lacuna''), <br/>potentially with reconstructed content}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_square_brackets|‘Zero’ morpheme]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''&lceil;&nbsp;&rceil;''' || colspan="2" | Partially destroyed text, <br/>usually with reconstructed content || colspan="2" | — <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''{&nbsp;}''' || colspan="2" | Erasure || colspan="2" | — <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''&lt;&nbsp;&gt;''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Emendation of a scribal error (addition)}} || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_angle_brackets|Infix]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''&lt;&lt;&nbsp;&gt;&gt;''' || colspan="2" | Emendation of a scribal error (deletion) || colspan="2" | —<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''~''' || colspan="2" | — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_tilde|Reduplication]] morpheme<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''{{tf}}''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_transfix|Transfix]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''_''' || colspan="2" | — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_object_language|Fixed phrase]] || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_gloss|Fixed phrase]] <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''\''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_backslash|''Ablaut'']] phenomenon<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | '''/''' || colspan="2" | (Options) || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_slash|Ambigous]] morpheme<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In order to prevent any confusion, it is strongly advisable or, as far as “-” and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” are concerned, even mandatory not to use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line (directly above the Glossing line). Keep in mind that the '''number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “&lt;&nbsp;&gt;” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to [[Glossing_Rules#Correct_sequential_alignment|match exactly]]'''.<br />
<br />
; Problematic examples:<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |<br />
|-<br />
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Ku{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}uš{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ša{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Red|&lt;}}ra{{Red|&gt;}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''kat{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}an{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ga{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ri{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it'' || ''ụ́{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}'' <br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |<br />
|- <br />
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa{{Red|&lt;}}ra{{Red|&gt;}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''katta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}ngarit'' || ''u{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}et{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
Consequently, the encoder needs to add '''an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’''' between the traditional Transliteration line (or traditional Bound transcription line) and the Glossing line. <br />
<br />
; Examples:<br />
{| {{Glossing table}} |<br />
|-<br />
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Ku-uš-ša-&lt;ra&gt;'' || URU-''az'' || ''kat-ta'' || ''[pa-]an-ga-ri-it'' || ''ụ́[-it]'' <br />
|- <br />
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit<br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT || uet<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
<br />
{| {{Glossing table}} |<br />
|- <br />
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa&lt;ra&gt;'' || URU-''az'' || ''katta'' || ''[pa]ngarit'' || ''u[et]''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit || uet<br />
|- <br />
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT<br />
|}<br />
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}} <br />
<br />
In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the [[Glossing Rules]]. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her scholarly tradition.<br />
<br />
{{Separating bar}}<br />
<br />
== Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines ==<br />
To '''derive a valid Glossing transcription line''' from a traditional transliteration or transcription line, the follwoing hand-on rules may help.<br />
<br />
Compare the following table:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Traditional <br/>transliteration <br/>line !! Traditional <br/>transcription <br/>line !! Glossing <br/>transliteration line !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" rowspan="2" | '''.''' || make bound transcription || <br />
|-<br />
| keep it (if bound transcription impossible) || LUGAL.GAL → LUGAL.GAL king:great ‘Great King’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | {{Red|''':'''}} || || leave out || <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || || make bound transcription of either the underlying Hittite word or of the Akkadogram, i.e. the Akkadian word || ''Ku-uš-ša-ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br/>URU-''az'' → URUaz city:ABL ‘from (the) city’<br />
|-<br />
| || align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || like “.”, but with sumerograms; <br/>keep italics for sumerogram || GAL-''ŠUNU'' → GAL.''ŠUNU'' great:POSS.3PL.C ‘their leader’ <br />
|-<br />
| || align="center" | = || keep it ([[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|clitic]]) || ''me-e-ni-im-me-et'' → mēni=mmet face:ACC.SG.N=POSS.1SG.NOM/ACC.SG.N ‘my face’<br />
|-<br />
| || align="center" | '''(&nbsp;)''' || leave parentheses <br/>and content out || ''n(u)=an'' → n=an CNJ=3SG.ACC.C ‘and him’ <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | (superscript) || leave classifiers out || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussara'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | {{Red|'''&lt;&nbsp;&gt;'''}} || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa&lt;ra&gt;'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''{&nbsp;}''' || leave brackets and content out || <sup>URU</sup>''Kussa{sa}ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''[&nbsp;]''' || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content or leave it out || <sup>URU</sup>''[Kussa]ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br/><sup>URU</sup>''[Kussa]ra'' → [__]ra ‘[''destroyed'']’<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''&lceil;&nbsp;&rceil;''' || leave brackets out; <br/>keep content || <sup>URU</sup>''&lceil;Kussa&rceil;ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ <br />
|}</div>
Lvandepeut
https://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/w/index.php?title=Hittite:Glossing_of_common_Hittite_forms&diff=264
Hittite:Glossing of common Hittite forms
2017-08-06T11:20:47Z
<p>Lvandepeut: Main initial content provided by Lidewij van de Peut (Mai 2016), edited by D.A. Werning</p>
<hr />
<div>== Grammatical Forms ==<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
==== Independent Personal Pronouns ====<br />
First and second person.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''ūk'' || ''ūk'' || 1SG.NOM || ''ūk'' || 1SG.NOM<br />
|-<br />
| ''ammuk'' || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.NOM || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.NOM<br />
|-<br />
| ''ammuk'' || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.ACC || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''ammel'' || ''ammel'' || 1SG:GEN || ''amm-el'' || 1SG-GEN<br />
|-<br />
| ''ammuk'' || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC<br />
|-<br />
| ''ammēdaz'' || ''ammēdaz'' || 1SG:ABL || ''amm-ēdaz'' || 1SG-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''wēš'' || ''wēš'' || 1PL.NOM || ''wēš'' || 1PL.NOM<br />
|-<br />
| ''anzāš'' || ''anzāš'' || 1PL:ACC || ''anz-āš'' || 1PL-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''anzel'' || ''anzel'' || 1PL:GEN || ''anz-el'' || 1PL-GEN<br />
|-<br />
| ''anzāš'' || ''anzāš'' || 1PL:DATLOC || ''anz-āš'' || 1PL-DATLOC<br />
|-<br />
| ''anzēdaš'' || ''anzēdaš'' || 1PL:ABL || ''anz-ēdaš'' || 1PL-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''zik'' || ''zik'' || 1SG.NOM || ''zik'' || 1SG.NOM<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuk'' || ''tuk'' || 1SG.ACC || ''tuk'' || 1SG.ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuel'' || ''tuel'' || 1SG:GEN || ''tu-el'' || 1SG-GEN<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuk'' || ''tuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC || ''tuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuēdaz'' || ''tuēdaz'' || 1SG:ABL || ''tu-ēdaz'' || 1SG-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''šumeš'' || ''šumeš'' || 1PL:NOM || ''šum-eš'' || 1PL-NOM<br />
|-<br />
| ''šumaš'' || ''šumaš'' || 1PL:ACC || ''šum-aš'' || 1PL-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''šumenzan'' || ''šumenzan'' || 1PL:GEN || ''šum-enzan'' || 1PL-GEN<br />
|-<br />
| ''šumel'' || ''šumel'' || 1PL:GEN || ''šum-el'' || 1PL-GEN<br />
|-<br />
| ''šumaš'' || ''šumaš'' || 1PL:DATLOC || ''šum-aš'' || 1PL-DATLOC<br />
|-<br />
| ''šumēdaz'' || ''šumēdaz'' || 1PL:ABL || ''šum-ēdaz'' || 1PL-ABL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For these and other forms of the independent personal pronouns of the first and second person, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.8, p. 134. In Hittite the demonstrative pronoun ''apā- ''‘that, the aforementioned (one)’, for which see [[#Demonstrative Pronouns]] below, functions as the independent pronoun for the third person.<br />
<br />
==== Enclitic Personal Pronouns ====<br />
The enclitic personal pronouns can only occur in specific positions in the clause; in most cases they are attached to the first accented word of the clause. In addition, they can only occur in certain positions in relation to other clitics attached to the same word. See for these issues Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §§30.15-30.21, pp. 410-412. <br />
<br />
First and second person.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''=mu'' || ''=mu'' || =1SG.ACC || ''=mu'' || =1SG.ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''=mu'' || ''=mu'' || =1SG.DAT || ''=mu'' || =1SG.DAT<br />
|-<br />
| ''=naš'' || ''=naš'' || =1PL.ACC || ''=naš'' || =1PL.ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''=naš'' || ''=naš'' || =1PL.DAT || ''=naš'' || =1PL.DAT<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ta'' || ''=ta'' || =2SG.ACC || ''=ta'' || =2SG.ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ta'' || ''=ta'' || =2SG.DAT || ''=ta'' || =2SG.DAT<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmaš'' || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.ACC || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.ACC<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmaš'' || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.DAT || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.DAT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.12, p. 135.<br />
<br />
Third person.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''=aš'' || ''=aš'' || =3SG.NOM.C || ''=aš'' || =3SG.NOM.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=an'' || ''=an'' || =3SG.ACC.C || ''=an'' || =3SG.ACC.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=at'' || ''=at'' || =3SG.NOM/ACC.N || ''=at'' || =3SG.NOM/ACC.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ši'' || ''=ši'' || =3SG.DAT || ''=ši'' || =3SG.DAT<br />
|-<br />
| ''=e'' || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM.C || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=at'' || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM.C || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=uš'' || ''=uš'' || =3PL.ACC.C || ''=uš'' || =3PL.ACC.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=aš'' || ''=aš'' || =3PL.ACC.C || ''=aš'' || =3PL.ACC.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=e'' || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=at'' || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmaš'' || ''=šmaš'' || =3PL.DAT || ''=šmaš'' || =3PL.DAT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.12, p. 135.<br />
<br />
==== Enclitic Possessive Pronouns ====<br />
In Hittite enclitic possessive pronouns could be suffixed to a noun to express possession. In these instances both the noun and the enclitic possessive pronoun are declined and they agree in number, gender, and case. See Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §6.1 (p. 137), §6.5 (p. 139).<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''=miš'' || ''=miš'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=m-iš'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=man'' || ''=man'' || =1SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=m-an'' || =1SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=met'' || ''=met'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=m-et'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=mi'' || ''=mi'' || =1SG.POSS:VOC.SG || ''=m-i'' || =1SG.POSS-VOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=maš'' || ''=maš'' || =1SG.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=m-aš'' || =1SG.POSS-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=mi'' || ''=mi'' || =1SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=m-i'' || =1SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ma'' || ''=ma'' || =1SG.POSS:ALL.SG || ''=m-a'' || =1SG.POSS-ALL.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=mit'' || ''=mit'' || =1SG.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=m-it'' || =1SG.POSS-ABL/INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''=miš'' || ''=miš'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=m-iš'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=muš'' || ''=muš'' || =1SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=m-uš'' || =1SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=met'' || ''=met'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=m-et'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=man'' || ''=man'' || =1SG.POSS:GEN.PL || ''=m-an'' || =1SG.POSS-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=tiš'' || ''=tiš'' || =2SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=t-iš'' || =2SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=tan'' || ''=tan'' || =2SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=t-an'' || =2SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=tet'' || ''=tet'' || =2SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=t-et'' || =2SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=taš'' || ''=taš'' || =2SG.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=t-aš'' || =2SG.POSS-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ti'' || ''=ti'' || =2SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=t-i'' || =2SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ta'' || ''=ta'' || =2SG.POSS:ALL.SG || ''=t-a'' || =2SG.POSS-ALL.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=tit'' || ''=tit'' || =2SG.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=t-it'' || =2SG.POSS-ABL/INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''=tiš'' || ''=tiš'' || =2SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=t-iš'' || =2SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=tuš'' || ''=tuš'' || =2SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=t-uš'' || =2SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=taš'' || ''=taš'' || =2SG.POSS:DATLOC.PL || ''=t-aš'' || =2SG.POSS-DATLOC.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šiš'' || ''=šiš'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=š-iš'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šan'' || ''=šan'' || =3SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=š-an'' || =3SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šet'' || ''=šet'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=š-et'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šaš'' || ''=šaš'' || =3SG.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=š-aš'' || =3SG.POSS-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ši'' || ''=ši'' || =3SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=š-i'' || =3SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ša'' || ''=ša'' || =3SG.POSS:ALL.SG || ''=š-a'' || =3SG.POSS-ALL.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šet'' || ''=šet'' || =3SG.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=š-et'' || =3SG.POSS-ABL/INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šiš'' || ''=šiš'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=š-iš'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šuš'' || ''=šuš'' || =3SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=š-uš'' || =3SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šet'' || ''=šet'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=š-et'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šaš'' || ''=šaš'' || =3SG.POSS:DATLOC.PL || ''=š-aš'' || =3SG.POSS-DATLOC.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šummiš'' || ''=šummiš'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=šumm-iš'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šumman'' || ''=šumman'' || =1PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=šumm-an'' || =1PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šummet'' || ''=šummet'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=šumm-et'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šum[mi]'' || ''=šum[mi]'' || =1PL.POSS:VOC.SG || ''=šum[m-i]'' || =1PL.POSS-VOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šummaš'' || ''=šummaš'' || =1PL.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=šumm-aš'' || =1PL.POSS-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šummi'' || ''=šummi'' || =1PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=šumm-i'' || =1PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šummiš'' || ''=šummiš'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=šumm-iš'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šummuš'' || ''=šummuš'' || =1PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=šumm-uš'' || =1PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šumet'' || ''=šumet'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=šum-et'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmiš'' || ''=šmiš'' || =2PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=šm-iš'' || =2PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šman'' || ''=šman'' || =2PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=šm-an'' || =2PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmet'' || ''=šmet'' || =2PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=šm-et'' || =2PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmi'' || ''=šmi'' || =2PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=šm-i'' || =2PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmit'' || ''=šmit'' || =2PL.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=šm-it'' || =2PL.POSS-ABL/INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmeš'' || ''=šmeš'' || =2PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=šm-eš'' || =2PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmuš'' || ''=šmuš'' || =2PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=šm-uš'' || =2PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmiš'' || ''=šmiš'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=šm-iš'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šman'' || ''=šman'' || =3PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=šm-an'' || =3PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmet'' || ''=šmet'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=šm-et'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmi'' || ''=šmi'' || =3PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=šm-i'' || =3PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmit'' || ''=šmit'' || =3PL.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=šm-it'' || =3PL.POSS-ABL/INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmeš'' || ''=šmeš'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=šm-eš'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmuš'' || ''=šmuš'' || =3PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=šm-uš'' || =3PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šmet'' || ''=šmet'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=šm-et'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See for these and variant forms, Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §6.4, pp. 138f.<br />
<br />
==== Demonstrative Pronouns ====<br />
Proximal demonstrative pronoun ''kā- ''‘this’.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''kāš'' || ''kāš'' || this.DEM:NOM.SG.C || ''kā-š'' || this.DEM-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kūn'' || ''kūn'' || this.DEM:ACC.SG.C || ''kū-n'' || this.DEM-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kī'' || ''kī'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kī'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''kēl'' || ''kēl'' || this.DEM:GEN.SG || ''k-ēl'' || this.DEM-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''kēdani'' || ''kēdani'' || this.DEM:DATLOC.SG || ''k-ēdani'' || this.DEM-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''kez'' || ''kez'' || this.DEM:ABL || ''ke-z'' || this.DEM-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kēdanda'' || ''kēdanda'' || this.DEM:INS || ''k-ēdanda'' || this.DEM-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''kēt'' || ''kēt'' || this.DEM:INS || ''k-ēt'' || this.DEM-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''kē'' || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM.PL.C || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kūš'' || ''kūš'' || this.DEM:ACC.PL.C || ''k-ūš'' || this.DEM-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kē'' || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''kinzan'' || ''kinzan'' || this.DEM:GEN.PL || ''k-inzan'' || this.DEM-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kēdaš'' || ''kēdaš'' || this.DEM:DATLOC.PL || ''k-ēdaš'' || this.DEM-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.3, p. 143.<br />
<br />
Medial demonstrative pronoun ''apā- ''‘that’.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''apāš'' || ''apāš'' || that.DEM:NOM.SG.C || ''apā-š'' || that.DEM-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''apūn'' || ''apūn'' || that.DEM:ACC.SG.C || ''apū-n'' || that.DEM-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''apāt'' || ''apāt'' || that.DEM:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''apā-t'' || that.DEM-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''apēl'' || ''apēl'' || that.DEM:GEN.SG || ''ap-ēl'' || that.DEM-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''apedani'' || ''apedani'' || that.DEM:DATLOC.SG || ''ap-edani'' || that.DEM-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''apēz'' || ''apēz'' || that.DEM:ABL || ''apē-z'' || that.DEM-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''apedanda'' || ''apedanda'' || that.DEM:INS || ''ap-edanda'' || that.DEM-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''apēt'' || ''apēt'' || that.DEM:INS || ''ap-ēt'' || that.DEM-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''apē'' || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM.PL.C || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''apūš'' || ''apūš'' || that.DEM:ACC.PL.C || ''ap-ūš'' || that.DEM-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''apē'' || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''apenzan'' || ''apenzan'' || that.DEM:GEN.PL || ''ap-enzan'' || that.DEM-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''apēdaš'' || ''apēdaš'' || that.DEM:DATLOC.PL || ''ap-ēdaš'' || that.DEM-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.3, p. 143.<br />
<br />
Demonstrative pronoun ''aši, uni, ini''.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''aši'' || ''aši'' || DEM.NOM.SG.C || ''aši'' || DEM.NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''uni'' || ''uni'' || DEM.ACC.SG.C || ''uni'' || DEM.ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''ini'' || ''ini'' || DEM.NOM/ACC.N || ''ini'' || DEM.NOM/ACC.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''edani'' || ''edani'' || DEM.DATLOC || ''edani'' || DEM.DATLOC<br />
|-<br />
| ''edezza'' || ''edezza'' || DEM.ABL || ''edezza'' || DEM.ABL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.11, p. 145.<br />
<br />
==== Interrogative and Relative Pronoun ====<br />
In Hittite ''kui-'' ‘who, which’ functions both as interrogative pronoun and as relative pronoun.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuiš'' || ''kuiš'' || who:NOM.SG.C || ''kui-š'' || who-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuin'' || ''kuin'' || who:ACC.SG.C || ''kui-n'' || who-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuit'' || ''kuit'' || who:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kui-t'' || who-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuēl'' || ''kuēl'' || who:GEN.SG || ''ku-ēl'' || who-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuedani'' || ''kuedani'' || who:DATLOC.SG || ''ku-edani'' || who-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuēz'' || ''kuēz'' || who:ABL || ''kuē-z'' || who-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuiēš'' || ''kuiēš'' || who:NOM.PL.C || ''kui-ēš'' || who-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuiuš'' || ''kuiuš'' || who:ACC.PL.C || ''kui-uš'' || who-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''kue'' || ''kue'' || who.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''kue'' || who.NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuedaš'' || ''kuedaš'' || who:DATLOC.PL || ''ku-edaš'' || who-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Indefinite Pronoun ====<br />
The indefinite pronoun ''kuiški ''‘some(one), any(one)’ is based on the inflected ''kui-'' (see [[#Interrogative and Relative Pronoun]] above) to which a particle ''-kki/-kka ''is suffixed.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuiški'' || ''kuiški'' || someone:NOM.SG.C || ''kui-š-ki'' || someone-NOM.SG.C-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuinki'' || ''kuinki'' || someone:ACC.SG.C || ''kui-n-ki'' || someone-ACC.SG.C-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuitki'' || ''kuitki'' || someone:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kui-t-ki'' || someone-NOM/ACC.SG.N-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuēlka'' || ''kuēlka'' || someone:GEN.SG || ''ku-ēl-ka'' || someone-GEN.SG-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuedanikki'' || ''kuedanikki'' || someone:DATLOC.SG || ''ku-edani-kki'' || someone-DATLOC.SG-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuezka'' || ''kuezka'' || someone:ABL/INS || ''kue-z-ka'' || someone-ABL/INS-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuiēška'' || ''kuiēška'' || someone:NOM.PL.C || ''kui-ēš-ka'' || someone-NOM.PL.C-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuiušga'' || ''kuiušga'' || someone:ACC.PL.C || ''kui-uš-ga'' || someone-ACC.PL.C-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuēkka'' || ''kuēkka'' || someone.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''kuē-kka'' || someone.NOM/ACC.PL.N-PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuedaška'' || ''kuedaška'' || someone:DATLOC.PL || ''ku-edaš-ka'' || someone-DATLOC.PL-PTCL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.3, p. 150.<br />
<br />
==== Distributive Pronoun ====<br />
The distributive pronoun ''kuišša ''‘each, every’ is based on the inflected ''kui-'' (see [[#Interrogative and Relative Pronoun]] above) to which the conjunction -''a/-ya ''‘also, and’ is suffixed.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuišša'' || ''kuišša'' || each:NOM.SG.C || ''kui-šš-a'' || each-NOM.SG.C-CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuinna'' || ''kuinna'' || each:ACC.SG.C || ''kui-nn-a'' || each-ACC.SG.C-CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuitta'' || ''kuitta'' || each:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kui-tt-a'' || each-NOM/ACC.SG.N-CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuella'' || ''kuella'' || each:GEN.SG || ''ku-ell-a'' || each-GEN.SG-CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuedaniya'' || ''kuedaniya'' || each:DATLOC.SG || ''ku-edani-ya'' || each-DATLOC.SG-CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuezziya'' || ''kuezziya'' || each:ABL/INS || ''kue-zz-iya'' || each-ABL/INS-CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuiušša'' || ''kuiušša'' || each:ACC.PL.C || ''kui-ušš-a'' || each-ACC.PL.C-CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''kuedašša'' || ''kuedašša'' || each:DATLOC.PL || ''ku-edašš-a'' || each-DATLOC.PL-CNJ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.3, p. 150.<br />
<br />
==== Adjective with Pronominal Inflection: ''tamai- ''‘other’ ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamaiš'' || ''tamaiš'' || other:NOM.SG.C || ''tamai-š'' || other-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamain'' || ''tamain'' || other:ACC.SG.C || ''tamai-n'' || other-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamai'' || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''damēl'' || ''damēl'' || other:GEN.SG || ''dam-ēl'' || other-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''damedani'' || ''damedani'' || other:DATLOC.SG || ''dam-edani'' || other-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamatta'' || ''tamatta'' || other:ALL.SG || ''tama-tta'' || other-ALL.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamedaz'' || ''tamedaz'' || other:ABL || ''tam-edaz'' || other-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamaēš'' || ''tamaēš'' || other:NOM.PL.C || ''tama-ēš'' || other-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamāuš'' || ''tamāuš'' || other:ACC.PL.C || ''tamā-uš'' || other-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''tamai'' || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''damedaš'' || ''damedaš'' || other:DATLOC/PL || ''dam-edaš'' || other-DATLOC/PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.10, p. 152.<br />
<br />
=== Nouns and Adjectives ===<br />
Hittite shows many different nominal stems. Below, the noun and adjective declensions of the a-stem and the i-stem, as well as a selection of other stems are presented. Hoffner & Melchert (2008: chapter 4) present the paradigms of all nominal stems. See for the basic scheme of noun and adjective endings in Hittite Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §3.14, pp. 69f.<br />
<br />
==== a-Stem ====<br />
===== Common Gender a-Stem Nouns =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man:C.NOM.SG || ''antuḫša-š'' || man-C.NOM.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšan'' || ''antuḫšan'' || man:C.ACC.SG || ''antuḫša-n'' || man-C.ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man.C:GEN.SG || ''antuḫš-aš'' || man.C-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫši'' || ''antuḫši'' || man.C:DATLOC.SG || ''antuḫš-i'' || man.C-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšaz'' || ''antuḫšaz'' || man.C:ABL || ''antuḫš-az'' || man.C-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšet'' || ''antuḫšet'' || man.C:INS || ''antuḫš-et'' || man.C-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšeš'' || ''antuḫšeš'' || man:C.NOM.PL || ''antuḫš-eš'' || man-C.NOM.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšuš'' || ''antuḫšuš'' || man:C.ACC.PL || ''antuḫš-uš'' || man-C.ACC.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man.C:GEN.PL || ''antuḫš-aš'' || man.C-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man.C:DATLOC.PL || ''antuḫš-aš'' || man.C-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For these and other forms of ''antuwaḫḫa-/antuḫša- ''‘man, human being, person’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, pp.79f. and Kloekhorst 2008: 188f.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''attaš'' || ''attaš'' || father:C.NOM.SG || ''atta-š'' || father-C.NOM.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''attan'' || ''attan'' || father:C.ACC.SG || ''atta-n'' || father-C.ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''atta'' || ''atta'' || father.C.VOC.SG || ''atta'' || father.C.VOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''attaš'' || ''attaš'' || father.C:GEN.SG || ''att-aš'' || father.C-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''atti'' || ''atti'' || father.C:DATLOC.SG || ''att-i'' || father.C-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''attaz'' || ''attaz'' || father.C:ABL || ''att-az'' || father.C-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''attiēš'' || ''attiēš'' || father:C.NOM.PL || ''att-iēš'' || father-C.NOM.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''attuš'' || ''attuš'' || father:C.ACC.PL || ''att-uš'' || father-C.ACC.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''addaš'' || ''addaš'' || father.C:GEN.PL || ''add-aš'' || father.C-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''addaš'' || ''addaš'' || father.C:DATLOC.PL || ''add-aš'' || father.C-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For these and other forms of ''atta- ''‘father’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, pp.79f. and Kloekhorst 2008: 225.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''arunaš'' || ''arunaš'' || sea:C.NOM.SG || ''aruna-š'' || sea-C.NOM.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''arunan'' || ''arunan'' || sea:C.ACC.SG || ''aruna-n'' || sea-C.ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''arunaš'' || ''arunaš'' || sea.C:GEN.SG || ''arun-aš'' || sea.C-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''aruni'' || ''aruni'' || sea.C:DATLOC.SG || ''arun-i'' || sea.C-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''aruna'' || ''aruna'' || sea.C:ALL.SG || ''arun-a'' || sea.C-ALL.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''arunaz'' || ''arunaz'' || sea.C:ABL || ''arun-az'' || sea.C-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''arunuš'' || ''arunuš'' || sea:C.ACC.PL || ''arun-uš'' || sea-C.ACC.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''arunaš'' || ''arunaš'' || sea.C:GEN.PL || ''arun-aš'' || sea.C-GEN.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For these and other forms of ''aruna- ''‘sea’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, p.81 and Kloekhorst 2008: 212.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''lālaš'' || ''lālaš'' || tongue:C.NOM.SG || ''lāla-š'' || tongue-C.NOM.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''lālan'' || ''lālan'' || tongue:C.ACC.SG || ''lāla-n'' || tongue-C.ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''lāli'' || ''lāli'' || tongue.C:VOC.SG || ''lāl-i'' || tongue.C-VOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''lālaš'' || ''lālaš'' || tongue.C:GEN.SG || ''lāl-aš'' || tongue.C-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''lāli'' || ''lāli'' || tongue.C:DATLOC.SG || ''lāl-i'' || tongue.C-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''lālaza'' || ''lālaza'' || tongue.C:ABL || ''lāl-aza'' || tongue.C-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''lālit'' || ''lālit'' || tongue.C:INS || ''lāl-it'' || tongue.C-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''lāleš'' || ''lāleš'' || tongue:C.NOM.PL || ''lāl-eš'' || tongue-C.NOM.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''lāluš'' || ''lāluš'' || tongue:C.ACC.PL || ''lāl-uš'' || tongue-C.ACC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, p. 81.<br />
<br />
===== Neuter a-Stem Nouns =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''pēdan'' || ''pēdan'' || place:N.NOM/ACC.SG || ''pēda-n'' || place-N.NOM/ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''pēdaš'' || ''pēdaš'' || place.N:GEN.SG || ''pēd-aš'' || place.N-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''pēdi'' || ''pēdi'' || place.N:DATLOC.SG || ''pēd-i'' || place.N-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''pēdaz'' || ''pēdaz'' || place.N:ABL || ''pēd-az'' || place.N-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''peda'' || ''peda'' || place.N.NOM/ACC.N || ''peda'' || place.N.NOM/ACC.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''pēdaš'' || ''pēdaš'' || place.N:GEN.PL || ''pēd-aš'' || place.N-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''pēdaš'' || ''pēdaš'' || place.N:DATLOC.PL || ''pēd-aš'' || place.N-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.6, p. 82 and Kloekhorst 2008: 672.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''yugan'' || ''yugan'' || yoke:N.NOM/ACC.SG || ''yuga-n'' || yoke-N.NOM/ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''yugaš'' || ''yugaš'' || yoke.N:GEN.SG || ''yug-aš'' || yoke.N-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''yuki'' || ''yuki'' || yoke.N:DATLOC.PL || ''yuk-i'' || yoke.N-DATLOC.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''yukit'' || ''yukit'' || yoke.N:INS || ''yuk-it'' || yoke.N-INS<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.6, p. 82 and Kloekhorst: 2008: 423.<br />
<br />
===== a-Stem Adjectives =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:NOM.SG.C || ''alwanzena-š'' || bewitching.ADJ-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenan'' || ''alwanzenan'' || bewitching.ADJ:ACC.SG.C || ''alwanzena-n'' || bewitching.ADJ-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenan'' || ''alwanzenan'' || bewitching.ADJ:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''alwanzena-n'' || bewitching.ADJ-NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:GEN.SG || ''alwanzen-aš'' || bewitching.ADJ-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzeni'' || ''alwanzeni'' || bewitching.ADJ:DATLOC.SG || ''alwanzen-i'' || bewitching.ADJ-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzena'' || ''alwanzena'' || bewitching.ADJ:ALL.SG || ''alwanzen-a'' || bewitching.ADJ-ALL.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenaz'' || ''alwanzenaz'' || bewitching.ADJ:ABL || ''alwanzena-z'' || bewitching.ADJ-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenit'' || ''alwanzenit'' || bewitching.ADJ:INS || ''alwanzen-it'' || bewitching.ADJ-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwaneneš'' || ''alwaneneš'' || bewitching.ADJ:NOM.PL.C || ''alwanen-eš'' || bewitching.ADJ-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenuš'' || ''alwanzenuš'' || bewitching.ADJ:ACC.PL.C || ''alwanzen-uš'' || bewitching.ADJ-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzena'' || ''alwanzena'' || bewitching.ADJ.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''alwanzena'' || bewitching.ADJ.NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:GEN.PL || ''alwanzen-aš'' || bewitching.ADJ-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:DATLOC.PL || ''alwanzen-aš'' || bewitching.ADJ-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.10, p. 84.<br />
<br />
==== i-Stem ====<br />
===== Common Gender i-Stem Nouns =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkiš'' || ''ḫalkiš'' || grain:C.NOM.SG || ''ḫalki-š'' || grain-C.NOM.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkin'' || ''ḫalkin'' || grain:C.ACC.SG || ''ḫalki-n'' || grain-C.ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkiaš'' || ''ḫalkiaš'' || grain.C:GEN.SG || ''ḫalki-aš'' || grain.C-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalki'' || ''ḫalki'' || grain.C:DATLOC.SG || ''ḫalk-i'' || grain.C-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkiyaza'' || ''ḫalkiyaza'' || grain.C:ABL || ''ḫalkiy-aza'' || grain.C-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkit'' || ''ḫalkit'' || grain.C:INS || ''ḫalk-it'' || grain.C-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkiēš'' || ''ḫalkiēš'' || grain:C.NOM.PL || ''ḫalki-ēš'' || grain-C.NOM.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkiuš'' || ''ḫalkiuš'' || grain:C.ACC.PL || ''ḫalki-uš'' || grain-C.ACC.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkiaš'' || ''ḫalkiaš'' || grain.C:GEN.PL || ''ḫalki-aš'' || grain.C-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫalkiaš'' || ''ḫalkiaš'' || grain.C:DATLOC.PL || ''ḫalki-aš'' || grain.C-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.23, p. 88.<br />
<br />
===== Neuter i-Stem Nouns =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuppi'' || ''tuppi'' || clay_tablet.N.NOM/ACC.SG || ''tuppi'' || clay_tablet.N.NOM/ACC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuppianza'' || ''tuppianza'' || clay_tablet.N:ANIM:C.NOM.SG || ''tuppi-an-za'' || clay_tablet.N-ANIM-C.NOM.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuppiaš'' || ''tuppiaš'' || clay_tablet.N:GEN.SG || ''tuppi-aš'' || clay_tablet.N-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuppi'' || ''tuppi'' || clay_tablet.N:DATLOC.SG || ''tupp-i'' || clay_tablet.N-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''tuppiaz'' || ''tuppiaz'' || clay_tablet.N:ABL || ''tuppi-az'' || clay_tablet.N-ABL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.24, p. 90.<br />
One often finds the form ''tuppianza ''referred to as an ergative (ERG) (e.g. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §3.8, §3.21), which is somewhat misleading. The ending ''-anza ''is not an actual case ending. In fact, Hittite does not have an ergative case at all, even though one often finds the term in the literature. In Hittite, a neuter noun cannot function as the subject of a transitive verb. In case it was necessary that a neuter noun functioned as the subject of a transitive verb, the noun was “animatized” by attaching the suffix ''-ant-'' to the stem of the noun. This suffix transforms the gender of the noun from neuter into common gender. Additionally, the common gender nominative case ending is attached (Kloekhorst 2008:184f.). Thus, ''tuppianza'' it is an “animatized” form of the neuter ''tuppi- ''‘clay tablet’ and contains both the suffix ''-ant- ''and the case ending of the common gender nominative singular ''-š''. The gloss suggested above uses ANIM for the “animatizing” suffix -''ant-''.<br />
<br />
===== i-Stem Adjectives =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūiliš'' || ''karūiliš'' || old.ADJ:NOM.SG.C || ''karūili-š'' || old.ADJ:NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūilin'' || ''karūilin'' || old.ADJ:ACC.SG.C || ''karūili-n'' || old.ADJ:ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūili'' || ''karūili'' || old.ADJ.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''karūili'' || old.ADJ.NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūiliyaš'' || ''karūiliyaš'' || old.ADJ:GEN.SG || ''karūiliy-aš'' || old.ADJ:GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūili'' || ''karūili'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.SG || ''karūil-i'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūiliyaz'' || ''karūiliyaz'' || old.ADJ:ABL || ''karūiliy-az'' || old.ADJ:ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūi[li]t'' || ''karūilit'' || old.ADJ:INS || ''karūil-it'' || old.ADJ:INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūilieš'' || ''karūilieš'' || old.ADJ:NOM.PL.C || ''karūili-eš'' || old.ADJ:NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūiliuš'' || ''karūiliuš'' || old.ADJ:ACC.PL.C || ''karūili-uš'' || old.ADJ:ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūila'' || ''karūila'' || old.ADJ:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''karūil-a'' || old.ADJ:NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''karūiliyaš'' || ''karūiliyaš'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.PL || ''karūiliy-aš'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.38, p.96.<br />
<br />
==== Selected Stems ====<br />
===== ul-Stem =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''waštul'' || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''waštulaš'' || ''waštulaš'' || offense.N:GEN.SG || ''waštul-aš'' || offense.N-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''wašduli'' || ''wašduli'' || offense.N:DATLOC.SG || ''wašdul-i'' || offense.N-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''waštullaz'' || ''waštullaz'' || offense.N:ABL || ''waštull-az'' || offense.N-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''wašdulit'' || ''wašdulit'' || offense.N:INS || ''wašdul-it'' || offense.N-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''waštul'' || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.66, p. 108.<br />
<br />
===== Neuter n-Stem Noun with Ablaut =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''tēkan'' || ''tēkan'' || earth.NOM/ACCC.SG.N || ''tēkan'' || earth.NOM/ACCC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''taknaš'' || ''taknaš'' || earth.N:GEN.SG || ''takn-aš'' || earth.N-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''taknī'' || ''taknī'' || earth.N:DATLOC.SG || ''takn-ī'' || earth.N-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''taknā'' || ''taknā'' || earth.N:ALL || ''takn-ā'' || earth.N-ALL<br />
|-<br />
| ''taknāz'' || ''taknāz'' || earth.N:ABL || ''takn-āz'' || earth.N-ABL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §471, p. 110.<br />
<br />
===== r/n-Stem =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''uttar'' || ''uttar'' || word.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''uttar'' || word.NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''uddananza'' || ''uddananza'' || word.N:ANIM:NOM.SG.C || ''uddan-an-za'' || word.N-ANIM-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''uddanaš'' || ''uddanaš'' || word.N:GEN.SG || ''uddan-aš'' || word.N-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''uddani'' || ''uddani'' || word.N:DATLOC.SG || ''uddan-i'' || word.N-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''uddanaz'' || ''uddanaz'' || word.N:ABL || ''uddan-az'' || word.N-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''uddanit'' || ''uddanit'' || word.N:INS || ''uddan-it'' || word.N-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''uttār'' || ''uttār'' || word.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''uttār'' || word.NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''uttanānteš'' || ''uttanānteš'' || word.N:ANIM:NOM.PL.C || ''uttan-ānt-eš'' || word.N-ANIM-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''uddanaš'' || ''uddanaš'' || word.N:GEN.PL || ''uddan-aš'' || word.N-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''uddanāš'' || ''uddanāš'' || word.N:DATLOC.PL || ''uddan-āš'' || word.N-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.101, pp. 124f.<br />
<br />
===== nt-Stem Adjective =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmanza'' || ''ḫūmanza'' || all:NOM.SG.C || ''ḫūman-za'' || all-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmandan'' || ''ḫūmandan'' || all:ACC.SG.C || ''ḫūmand-an'' || all-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūman'' || ''ḫūman'' || all.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''ḫūman'' || all.NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmandaš'' || ''ḫūmandaš'' || all:GEN.SG || ''ḫūmand-aš'' || all-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmanti'' || ''ḫūmanti'' || all:DATLOC.SG || ''ḫūmant-i'' || all-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmandaz'' || ''ḫūmandaz'' || all:ABL || ''ḫūmand-az'' || all-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmantit'' || ''ḫūmantit'' || all:INS || ''ḫūmant-it'' || all-INS<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmanteš'' || ''ḫūmanteš'' || all:NOM.PL.C || ''ḫūmant-eš'' || all-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmanduš'' || ''ḫūmanduš'' || all:ACC.PL.C || ''ḫūmand-uš'' || all-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmanta'' || ''ḫūmanta'' || all:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''ḫūmant-a'' || all-NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmandaš'' || ''ḫūmandaš'' || all:GEN.PL || ''ḫūmand-aš'' || all-GEN.PL<br />
|-<br />
| ''ḫūmandaš'' || ''ḫūmandaš'' || all:DATLOC.PL || ''ḫūmand-aš'' || all-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.98, p. 123.<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
==== Finite Forms ====<br />
===== ''mi-''Verbs Present Indicative Active =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫmi'' || ''walḫmi'' || strike:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-mi'' || strike-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫši'' || ''walḫši'' || strike:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ši'' || strike-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫzi'' || ''walḫzi'' || strike:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-zi'' || strike-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫueni'' || ''walḫueni'' || strike:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ueni'' || strike-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫteni'' || ''walḫteni'' || strike:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-teni'' || strike-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫanzi'' || ''walḫanzi'' || strike:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-anzi'' || strike-3PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.8, pp. 191f.<br />
<br />
===== ''mi-''Verbs Preterite Indicative Active =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫun'' || ''walḫun'' || strike:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-un'' || strike-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫta'' || ''walḫta'' || strike:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ta'' || strike-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫta'' || ''walḫta'' || strike:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ta'' || strike-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫuen'' || ''walḫuen'' || strike:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-uen'' || strike-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫten'' || ''walḫten'' || strike:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ten'' || strike-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫer'' || ''walḫer'' || strike:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-er'' || strike-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.8, p. 192.<br />
<br />
===== ''mi-''Verbs Imperative Active =====<br />
The gloss IMP ‘imperative’ for forms of the first person follows Hittitological convention. One may also gloss these first person forms according to their function in the sentence as voluntative (VOL), cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §23.4, p. 313.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''ašallu'' || ''ašallu'' || be:1SG.IMP.ACT || ''aš-allu'' || be:1SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''ēš'' || ''ēš'' || be:2SG.IMP.ACT || ''ēš'' || be.2SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''ēšdu'' || ''ēšdu'' || be:3SG.IMP.ACT || ''ēš-du'' || be:3SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''ēšten'' || ''ēšten'' || be:2PL.IMP.ACT || ''ēš-ten'' || be:2PL.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''ašandu'' || ''ašandu'' || be:3PL.IMP.ACT || ''aš-andu'' || be:3PL.IMP.ACT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.3. p. 189 and Kloekhorst 2008: 250.<br />
<br />
===== ''ḫi-''Verbs Present Indicative Active =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''šākḫi'' || ''šākḫi'' || know:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šāk-ḫi'' || know-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šakti'' || ''šakti'' || know:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šak-ti'' || know-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šakki'' || ''šakki'' || know:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šakk-i'' || know-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šekkueni'' || ''šekkueni'' || know:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šekk-ueni'' || know-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šakteni'' || ''šakteni'' || know:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šak-teni'' || know-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šakanzi'' || ''šakanzi'' || know:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šak-anzi'' || know:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 214.<br />
<br />
===== ''ḫi-''Verbs Preterite Indicative Active =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''šaggaḫḫun'' || ''šaggaḫḫun'' || know:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šagg-aḫḫun'' || know-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šākta'' || ''šākta'' || know:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šāk-ta'' || know-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šakkiš'' || ''šakkiš'' || know:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šakki-š'' || know-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šekkuen'' || ''šekkuen'' || know:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šekk-uen'' || know-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''ākten'' || ''ākten'' || die:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''āk-ten'' || die-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šekker'' || ''šekker'' || know:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šekk-er'' || know-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 215.<br />
<br />
===== ''ḫi-''Verbs Imperative Active =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''šeggallu'' || ''šeggallu'' || know:1SG.IMP.ACT || ''šegg-allu'' || know-1SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šāk'' || ''šāk'' || know.2SG.IMP.ACT || ''šāk'' || know-2SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šakdu'' || ''šakdu'' || know:3SG.IMP.ACT || ''šak-du'' || know-3SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šekten'' || ''šekten'' || know:2PL.IMP.ACT || ''šek-ten'' || know-2PL.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''šekkandu'' || ''šekkandu'' || know:3PL.IMP.ACT || ''šekk-andu'' || know-3PL.IMP.ACT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 216.<br />
<br />
===== Present Indicative Medio-Passive =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''paḫḫašḫa'' || ''paḫḫašḫa'' || protect:1SG.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫaš-ḫa'' || protect-1SG.PRS.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''paḫḫašta'' || ''paḫḫašta'' || protect:2SG.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫaš-ta'' || protect-2SG.PRS.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''paḫḫšari'' || ''paḫḫšari'' || protect:3SG.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫš-ari'' || protect-3SG.PRS.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''paḫšuwašta'' || ''paḫšuwašta'' || protect:1PL.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫš-uwašta'' || protect-1PL.PRS.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''paḫḫašduma'' || ''paḫḫašduma'' || protect:2PL.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫaš-duma'' || protect-2PL.PRS.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''paḫḫaššantari'' || ''paḫḫaššantari'' || protect:3PL.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫašš-antari'' || protect-3PL.PRS.IND.MEDP<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 230.<br />
<br />
===== Preterite Indicative Medio-Passive =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''arḫati'' || ''arḫati'' || stand:1SG.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-ḫati'' || stand-1SG.PRT.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''artati'' || ''artati'' || stand:2SG.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-tati'' || stand-2SG.PRT.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''artat'' || ''artat'' || stand:3SG.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-tat'' || stand-3SG.PRT.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''arwaštat'' || ''arwaštat'' || stand:1PL.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-waštat'' || stand-1PL.PRT.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''kišdummat'' || ''kišdummat'' || become:2PL.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''kiš-dummat'' || become-2PL.PRT.IND.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''arantat'' || ''arantat'' || stand:3PL.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-antat'' || stand-3PL.PRT.IND.MEDP<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 231.<br />
<br />
===== Imperative Medio-Passive =====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''arḫaḫaru'' || ''arḫaḫaru'' || stand:1SG.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-ḫaḫaru'' || stand-1SG.IMP.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''arḫut'' || ''arḫut'' || stand:2SG.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-ḫut'' || stand-2SG.IMP.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''artaru'' || ''artaru'' || stand:3SG.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-taru'' || stand-3SG.IMP.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''ardumat'' || ''ardumat'' || stand:2PL.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-dumat'' || stand-2PL.IMP.MEDP<br />
|-<br />
| ''arantaru'' || ''arantaru'' || stand:3PL.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-antaru'' || stand-3PL.IMP.MEDP<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 231.<br />
<br />
===== Imperfective ''-ške- ''=====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškimi'' || ''memiškimi'' || speak:IMPF:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-mi'' || speak-IMPF-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškiši'' || ''memiškiši'' || speak:IMPF:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-ši'' || speak-IMPF-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškizzi'' || ''memiškizzi'' || speak:IMPF:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-zzi'' || speak-IMPF-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškiuwani'' || ''memiškiuwani'' || speak:IMPF:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-uwani'' || speak-IMPF-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškiteni'' || ''memiškiteni'' || speak:IMPF:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-teni'' || speak-IMPF-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškanzi'' || ''memiškanzi'' || speak:IMPF:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-šk-anzi'' || speak-IMPF-3PL.PRS.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškinun'' || ''memiškinun'' || speak:IMPF:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-nun'' || speak-IMPF-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškeš'' || ''memiškeš'' || speak:IMPF:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-ške-š'' || speak-IMPF-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškit'' || ''memiškit'' || speak:IMPF:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-t'' || speak-IMPF-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''akkuškewani'' || ''akkuškewani'' || die:IMPF:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''akku-ške-wani'' || die-IMPF-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memeškatten'' || ''memeškatten'' || speak:IMPF:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''meme-ška-tten'' || speak-IMPF-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškir'' || ''memiškir'' || speak:IMPF:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-šk-ir'' || speak-IMPF-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiški'' || ''memiški'' || speak:IMPF.2SG.IMP.ACT || ''memi-ški'' || speak-IMPF.2SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškiddu'' || ''memiškiddu'' || speak:IMPF:3SG.IMP.ACT || ''memi-ški-ddu'' || speak-IMPF-3SG.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškitten'' || ''memiškitten'' || speak:IMPF:2PL.IMP.ACT || ''memi-ški-tten'' || speak-IMPF-2PL.IMP.ACT<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškandu'' || ''memiškandu'' || speak:IMPF:3PL.IMP.ACT || ''memi-šk-andu'' || speak-IMPF-3PL.IMP.ACT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. ''CHD'' L-M: p. 255 and Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.33, p. 205.<br />
==== Non-Finite Forms ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''eppuwanzi'' || ''eppuwanzi'' || take:INFI || ''epp-uwanzi'' || take-INFI<br />
|-<br />
| ''appanna'' || ''appanna'' || take:INFII || ''app-anna'' || take-INFII<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫuwanzi'' || ''walḫuwanzi'' || strike:INFI || ''walḫ-uwanzi'' || strike-INFI<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫuwan'' || ''walḫuwan'' || strike:SUP || ''walḫ-uwan'' || strike-SUP<br />
|-<br />
| ''memiškiuwan'' || ''memiškiuwan'' || speak:IMPF:SUP || ''memi-ški-uwan'' || speak-IMPF-SUP<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== Participle =====<br />
The participle is formed by suffixing the morpheme ''-ant ''to the stem of the verb and a case ending. The participle is conjugated according to the paradigm of ''nt-''stem adjectives, for which see [[#nt-Stem Adjective]] above. The morpheme ''-ant'' is glossed here as PTCP ‘participle’ since it is the morpheme that turns the verb into a participle. It should be noted, however, that this ''-ant'' is the same morpheme as is used to “animatize” a neuter noun in order enable it to function as the subject of a transitive verb, see [[#Neuter i-Stem Nouns]] above. In those so-called ergative forms the morpheme is glossed as ANIM “animatized” and one may consider to use the same gloss in participle forms.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫanza'' || ''walḫanza'' || strike:PTCP:NOM.SG.C || ''walḫ-an-za'' || strike-PTCP-NOM.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫantan'' || ''walḫantan'' || strike:PTCP:ACC.SG.C || ''walḫ-ant-an'' || strike-PTCP-ACC.SG.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫan'' || ''walḫan'' || strike:PTCP.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''walḫ-an'' || strike-PTCP.NOM/ACC.SG.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫantaš'' || ''walḫantaš'' || strike:PTCP:GEN.SG || ''walḫ-ant-aš'' || strike-PTCP-GEN.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫanti'' || ''walḫanti'' || strike:PTCP:DATLOC.SG || ''walḫ-ant-i'' || strike-PTCP-DATLOC.SG<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫantaz'' || ''walḫantaz'' || strike:PTCP:ABL || ''walḫ-ant-az'' || strike-PTCP-ABL<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫanteš'' || ''walḫanteš'' || strike:PTCP:NOM.PL.C || ''walḫ-ant-eš'' || strike-PTCP-NOM.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫantuš'' || ''walḫantuš'' || strike:PTCP:ACC.PL.C || ''walḫ-ant-uš'' || strike-PTCP-ACC.PL.C<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫanta'' || ''walḫanta'' || strike:PTCP:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''walḫ-ant-a'' || strike-PTCP-NOM/ACC.PL.N<br />
|-<br />
| ''walḫantaš'' || ''walḫantaš'' || strike:PTCP:DATLOC.PL || ''walḫ-ant-aš'' || strike-PTCP-DATLOC.PL<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Negations, Particles and Conjuctions ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert<br />
|-<br />
| ''natta'' || ''natta'' || NEG || ''natta'' || NEG<br />
|-<br />
| ''nawi'' || ''nawi'' || not_yet.NEG || ''nawi'' || not_yet.NEG<br />
|-<br />
| ''lē'' || ''lē'' || NEG.PROH || ''lē'' || NEG.PROH<br />
|-<br />
| ''lē=man'' || ''lē=man'' || NEG=OPT.PTCL || ''lē=man'' || NEG=OPT.PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''nūman'' || ''nūman'' || NEG.OPT || ''nūman'' || NEG.OPT<br />
|-<br />
| ''nekku'' || ''nekku'' || NEG.Q || ''nekku'' || NEG.Q<br />
|-<br />
| ''=wa(r)='' || ''=war='' || =QUOT= || ''=war='' || =QUOT=<br />
|-<br />
| ''=z(a)'' || ''=za'' || =REFL || ''=za'' || =REFL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=an'' || ''=an'' || =PTCL || ''=an'' || =PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=apa'' || ''=apa'' || =PTCL || ''=apa'' || =PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ašta'' || ''=ašta'' || =PTCL || ''=ašta'' || =PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=kan'' || ''=kan'' || =PTCL || ''=kan'' || =PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=šan'' || ''=šan'' || =PTCL || ''=šan'' || =PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''=pat'' || ''=pat'' || =PTCL || ''=pat'' || =PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''man'' || ''man'' || OPT.PTCL || ''man'' || OPT.PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''man'' || ''man'' || POT.PTCL || ''man'' || POT.PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''man'' || ''man'' || IRR.PTCL || ''man'' || IRR.PTCL<br />
|-<br />
| ''nu'' || ''nu'' || CNJ || ''nu'' || CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''šu'' || ''šu'' || CNJ || ''šu'' || CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''ta'' || ''ta'' || CNJ || ''ta'' || CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''=a'' || ''=a'' || =CNJ || ''=a'' || =CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ma'' || ''=ma'' || =CNJ || ''=ma'' || =CNJ<br />
|-<br />
| ''=ya'' || ''=ya'' || =CNJ || ''=ya'' || =CNJ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008 Chapters 26, 28 and 29.<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Hoffner, H.A. and H.C. Melchert. 2008. ''A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 1: Reference Grammar'', Languages of the Ancient Near East 1, Winona Lake, Indiana.<br />
* Kloekhorst, A. 2008. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon'', Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5, Leiden/Boston.<br />
<br />
* ''CHD'' = H.G. Güterbock, H.A. Hoffner, ''et al.'' (eds.). 1980–... ''The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago'', Chicago.</div>
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