Glossing Ancient Languages - User contributions [en]

Unicode

2025-02-19T10:53:11Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ Adding Middle Iranian usages

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Page [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen&oldid=194817459#Unicode Ägyptische Hieroglyphen], in: ''Wikipedia, Die freie Enzyklopädie'', State of: 11.Dez.2019, 11:32 UTC..</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ꞽ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Middle Iranian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2A|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'&U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian, Middle Iranian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BD || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BC || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⟨</big></big> || U+27E8 || class="translit" | <big><big>⟩</big></big> || U+27E9|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2021-04-29T07:02:21Z

Werningd: /* Recommended fonts */ clarification of link to Wikipedia

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Page [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen&oldid=194817459#Unicode Ägyptische Hieroglyphen], in: ''Wikipedia, Die freie Enzyklopädie'', State of: 11.Dez.2019, 11:32 UTC..</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ꞽ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2A|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'&U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BD || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BC || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⟨</big></big> || U+27E8 || class="translit" | <big><big>⟩</big></big> || U+27E9|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2021-04-29T06:52:48Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ typo

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ꞽ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2A|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'&U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BD || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BC || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⟨</big></big> || U+27E8 || class="translit" | <big><big>⟩</big></big> || U+27E9|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2021-04-29T06:51:04Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ update of codepoint for angle brackets; workaround for Egyptological Yod removed

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ꞽ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2A|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BD || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꞽ</big></big> || U+A7BC || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⟨</big></big> || U+27E8 || class="translit" | <big><big>⟩</big></big> || U+27E9|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2019-12-11T11:44:30Z

Werningd: /* Recommended fonts */ Update Abdeckung NAU

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ꞽ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2A|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |Workaround: <big><big>i͗</big></big> New: <big><big>ꞽ</big></big> || 'i'&U+0357 U+A7BD || class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> <big><big>Ꞽ</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357 U+A7BC || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2019-10-26T15:04:39Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ New: Egyptological Yod

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2A|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |Workaround: <big><big>i͗</big></big> New: <big><big>ꞽ</big></big> || 'i'&U+0357 U+A7BD || class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> <big><big>Ꞽ</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357 U+A7BC || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Main Page

2018-07-25T13:54:12Z

Werningd: Protected "Main Page" ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite))

__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
<big><big><big>Glossing Ancient Languages</big></big></big>

[[File:Glossing-Demotic-Brugsch_1855_115.png|500x90px|right|'''Glossing of Heinrich Brugsch (1855)''']]
This is an open access forum on recommendations for the''' Interlinar Morphemic Glossing (IMG) of ancient languages'''.

Please feel free to '''contribute to or comment on''' existing pages and/or create new pages '''without login account'''. We appreciate your input. Your changes are logged under your IP address. Alternatively, you can [mailto:daniel.werning@topoi.org ask for a named login account] so that your changes appear under your own name.

=== General recommendations ===
* General [[Glossing Rules|glossing rules]] and recommendations (alignment, punctuation)
* Recommended [[Glossing Abbreviations|glossing abbreviations]]
[[File:Glossing-Egyptian-Champollion 1836 458.png|475px|link=|right|'''Glossing of Jean François Champollion (1836-1841)''']]
[[File:Glossing-Egyptian-passage from Champollion 1836 458.png|475px|link=|right|'''Modern glossing of same passage''']]
=== Specific recommendations for different languages ===
* Glossing Akkadian: [[Akkadian:Glossing of common Akkadian forms|Form examples]] and [[Akkadian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Ancient Egyptian
** Glossing Earlier Egyptian (Old Egyptian/Middle Egyptian): [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms|Form examples]] and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Late Egyptian: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Demotic: Form examples {{Contribute}} and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Coptic: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Coptic:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Glossing Ancient Greek: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Ancient Greek:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Glossing Hittite: [[Hittite:Glossing of common Hittite forms|Form examples]] and [[Hittite:Glossing recommendations|hints]].

''In order to create a new page for another language, please follow [[Help:Contents#Creating a new page|these instructions]].''

=== Technical issues ===
* [[Unicode]] fonts and editing
* [[Editing glosses|Editing]] of aligned text examples

=== Examples ===
{{Contribute}}
* [[Akkadian:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Akkadian texts]]
* [[Ancient Egyptian:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Ancient Egyptian texts]]
* [[Ancient Greek:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Ancient Greek texts]]
* [[Hittite:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Hittite texts]]

If one of the following signs does not seem to be displayed correctly on your computer, please '''install a powerful Unicode font''' like [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] or [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]:
''ḫ'', ''š'', ''ṭ'', ''ʿ'', (for Egyptian:) ''Ꜣ'', ''ḥ'', ''ẖ'', ''ṯ'', ''ḏ''.

Unicode

2018-07-06T11:20:48Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ Variante mit ı entfernt

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are often rendered smaller than the respective capitals in computer fonts. This, however, is not the case in most Egyptological print fonts. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i͗</big></big> || 'i'&U+0357 || class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357 || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-07-06T07:57:59Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ Egyptological Yod wbased on 'i' added

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are often rendered smaller than the respective capitals in computer fonts. This, however, is not the case in most Egyptological print fonts. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i͗</big></big> || 'i'&U+0357 || rowspan="2" class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || rowspan="2" | 'I'&U+0357 || rowspan="2"|Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-07-04T14:31:30Z

Werningd:

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are often rendered smaller than the respective capitals in computer fonts. This, however, is not the case in most Egyptological print fonts. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

MediaWiki:Common.css

2018-07-04T14:25:37Z

Werningd:

@font-face {
font-family: 'Junicode';
font-style: normal;
src:
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.woff2') format('woff2'), /* Super Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.woff') format('woff'), /* Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.ttf') format('truetype'); /* Safari, Android, iOS */
}

@font-face {
font-family: 'Junicode';
font-style: italic;
src:
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), /* Super Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.woff') format('woff'), /* Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.ttf') format('truetype'); /* Safari, Android, iOS */
}

body {
font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Junicode;
}

.translit{
font-family: 'Junicode', New Athena Unicode, Everson Mono, Charis SIL, Times New Roman;
font-style: normal;
}

MediaWiki:Common.css

2018-07-04T14:22:57Z

Werningd:

Unicode

2018-07-04T14:05:42Z

Werningd:

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || class="translit" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are often rendered smaller than the respective capitals in computer fonts. This, however, is not the case in most Egyptological print fonts. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

MediaWiki:Common.css

2018-07-04T14:02:41Z

Werningd:

@font-face {
font-family: 'Junicode';
font-style: normal;
src:
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.woff2') format('woff2'), /* Super Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.woff') format('woff'), /* Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.ttf') format('truetype'); /* Safari, Android, iOS */
}

@font-face {
font-family: 'Junicode';
font-style: italic;
src:
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), /* Super Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.woff') format('woff'), /* Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.ttf') format('truetype'); /* Safari, Android, iOS */
}

.translit{
font-family: 'Junicode', New Athena Unicode, Everson Mono, Charis SIL, Times New Roman;
}

Unicode

2018-07-04T14:02:15Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Junicode, New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are often rendered smaller than the respective capitals in computer fonts. This, however, is not the case in most Egyptological print fonts. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-07-04T14:00:01Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ Junicode font

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Junicode, New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="font-family:Junicode" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || class="translit" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || class="translit" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || class="translit" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || class="translit" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || class="translit" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || class="translit" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || class="translit" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || class="translit" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || class="translit" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || class="translit" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| class="translit" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || class="translit" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

MediaWiki:Common.css

2018-07-04T13:56:14Z

Werningd:

@font-face {
font-family: 'Junicode';
font-style: normal;
src:
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.woff2') format('woff2'), /* Super Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.woff') format('woff'), /* Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode.ttf') format('truetype'); /* Safari, Android, iOS */
}

@font-face {
font-family: 'Junicode';
font-style: italic;
src:
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.woff2') format('woff2'), /* Super Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.woff') format('woff'), /* Modern Browsers */
url('./skins/HumboldtUni/resources/fonts/Junicode-italic.ttf') format('truetype'); /* Safari, Android, iOS */
}

.translit{
font-family: 'Junicode', New Athena Unicode, Everson Mono, Charis SIL, Times New Roman;
font-style:italic;
font-size:135%;
}

MediaWiki:Common.css

2018-07-04T13:52:16Z

Werningd: load Junicode font

Unicode

2018-07-04T13:49:46Z

Werningd: /* Recommended fonts */ Font Finetuning

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Segoe UI Historic, Antinoou, IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Junicode, New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ'' <ref>Capital  Ṱ  ''missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] <ref>Note that New Athena Unicode uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters, e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>. See [https://apagreekkeys.org/technicalDetails.html#PUA here].</ref> [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode,IFAO-Grec Unicode" | <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Times New Roman, Segoe UI" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-07-04T13:30:34Z

Werningd: /* Recommended fonts */ more fonts mentioned

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ <ref>Capital  Ṱ  missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/publier/outils-ed/polices/#download ''IFAO-Grec Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-07-04T11:05:59Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ <ref>Capital  Ṱ  missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-07-04T11:05:11Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ brackets as tag

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ <ref>Capital  Ṱ  missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-06-15T13:09:55Z

Werningd: /* Recommended fonts */ Korrektur zur Info zu Ṱ

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian <ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ <ref>Capital  Ṱ  missing in New Athena Unicode.</ref> č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-06-15T13:01:41Z

Werningd: T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW ergänzt

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Junicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian, Pre-Demotic || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṱ</big></big> || U+1E71 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṱ</big></big> || U+1E70|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-06-13T09:01:01Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ Fontspalte gelösccht

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2018-06-13T08:56:57Z

Werningd: Update Fonts

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Times New Roman Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/) Junicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aknoa/service/links.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜥ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not usually printed smaller than the respective capitals. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>ꜣ</big></big> <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms

2017-08-06T19:02:47Z

Werningd: Ajn/Alif corrected

What follows is a list of '''Earlier Egyptian''' (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.

Please contribute to the list or to the '''discussion of the glossing of specific forms'''.

== Grammatical forms ==
=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
===== ‘Suffix pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=j'' || {{TrSep}}j || :1SG || -j || -1SG
|-
| ''=k'' || {{TrSep}}k || :2SG.M || -k || -2SG.M
|-
| ''=ṯ / =t'' || {{TrSep}}ṯ || :2SG.F || -č || -2SG.F
|-
| ''=f'' || {{TrSep}}f || :3SG.M || -f || -3SG.M
|-
| ''=s'' || {{TrSep}}s || :3SG.F || -s || -3SG.F
|-
| ''=n'' || {{TrSep}}n || :1PL || -n || -1PL
|-
| ''=ṯn / =tn'' || {{TrSep}}ṯn || :2PL || -čn || -2PL
|-
| ''=sn'' || {{TrSep}}sn || :3PL || -sn || -3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=n(j) / =nj'' || {{TrSep}}nj || :1DU || -nj || -1DU
|-
| ''=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj'' || {{TrSep}}ṯnj || :2DU || -čnj || -2DU
|-
| ''=sn(j) / =snj'' || {{TrSep}}snj || :3DU || -snj || -3DU
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Later Middle Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :IMPRS || -tw || -IMPRS
|}

===== ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wj'' || wj || 1SG || =w {{Orange|(!)}} || =1SG
|-
| ''ṯw / tw'' || ṯw || 2SG.M || =čw || =2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2SG.F || =čn || =2SG.F
|-
| ''sw'' || sw || 3SG.M || =sw || =3SG.M
|-
| ''s(j) / sï'' || sï || 3SG.F || =sï || =3SG.F
|-
| ''n'' || n || 1PL || =n || =1PL
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2PL || =čn || =2PL
|-
| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL
|-
| ''st'' || st || 3COLL || =st || =3COLL
|}

===== Independent personal pronouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jnk'' || jnk || 1SG || jnk || 1SG
|-
| ''ntk'' || ntk || 2SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}k || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ntṯ / ntt'' || ntṯ || 2SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}č || 2SG.F
|-
| ''ntf'' || ntf || 3SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}f || 3SG.M
|-
| ''nts'' || nts || 3SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}s || 3SG.F
|-
| ''*jnn'' || jnn || 1PL || jnn || 1PL
|-
| ''ntn'' || ntn || 1PL || nt{{TrSep}}n || 1PL
|-
| ''ntṯn / nttn'' || ntṯn || 2PL || nt{{TrSep}}čn || 2PL
|-
| ''ntsn'' || ntsn || 3PL || nt{{TrSep}}sn || 3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt'' || ṯwt || 2SG.M || čwt || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯmt'' || ṯmt || 2SG.F || čmt || 2SG.F
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG.M || swt || 3SG.M
|-
| ''stt'' || stt || 3SG.F || stt || 3SG.F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || 2SG || čwt || 2SG
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG || swt || 3SG
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (2013). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0 Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review.] In: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), ''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0.</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" />
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || swt
|}

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neutral'''
|-
| ''pw'' || pw || this:M || pw || DEM:M.SG
|-
| ''tw'' || tw || this:F || tw || DEM:F.SG
|-
| ''nw'' || nw || this || nw || DEM:C
|-
| ''nw n(j)'' || nw_nï || these || nw_nï || DEM:PL
|-
| ''jpw'' || jpw || these:M || jpw || DEM.PL:M
|-
| ''jptw'' || jptw || these:F || jptw || DEM.PL:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (older form)'''
|-
| ''pn'' || pn || this:M || pn || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tn'' || tn || this:F || tn || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || this || nn || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nn n(j)'' || nn_nï || these || nn_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| ''jpn'' || jpn || these:M || jpn || DEM.PL:PROX:M
|-
| ''jptn'' || jptn || these:F || jptn || DEM.PL:PROX:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)'''
|-
| ''pꜣ'' || pꜣ || this:M || pꜣ || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tꜣ'' || tꜣ || this:F || tꜣ || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nꜣ'' || nꜣ || this || nꜣ || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nꜣ n(j)'' || nꜣ_nï || these || nꜣ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Distal'''
|-
| ''pf'' || pf || that:M || pf || DEM.DIST:M.SG
|-
| ''tf'' || tf || that:F || tf || DEM.DIST:F.SG
|-
| ''nf'' || nf || that || nf || DEM.DIST:C
|-
| ''nf n(j)'' || nf_nï || those || nf_nï || DEM.DIST:PL
|-
| ''jpf'' || jpf || those:M || jpf || DEM.PL:DIST:M
|-
| ''jptf'' || jptf || those:F || jptf || DEM.PL:DIST:F
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜣ'' || tꜣ || land.M || tꜣ || land(M)[SG]
|-
| ''tꜣ.w'' || tꜣ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜣ-w || land(M)-PL
|-
| ''tꜣ.wï'' || tꜣ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜣ-wï || land(M)-DU
|-
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG]
|-
| ''p.(w)t'' || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F.PL || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F:PL
|-
| ''p.tï'' || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F.DU || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F:DU
|-
| ''jn.w'' || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M[SG] (''analytic'': bring:COLL.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.w'' || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG])
|-
| ''spr.w'' || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M[SG] (''analytic'': petition:AGT.M[SG])
|-
| ''wrḏ.w'' || wrḏ{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M || wrč̣{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M[SG] (''analytic'': weary:NMLZ.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.wt'' || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:COLL.F)
|-
| ''ḥz.wt'' || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F[SG] (''analytic'': praise:ABSTR.F)
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p{{TrSep}}t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’
:The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.''
;FAQ:
:''‘Why does the glossing show the sequence number–gender in some cases, but gender–number in others?’''
:The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–number–gender) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (gender–number). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.

==== Nominal ''status constructus'' ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜣ-jmn.t / tꜣ jmn.t'' || tꜣ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' land.M:STC west:F || tꜣ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG]
|-
| ''nb.t-p.t / nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG]
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''nfr'' || nfr || good || nfr || good[M.SG]
|-
| ''nfr.w'' || nfr{{TrSep}}w || good:M.PL || nfr-w || good-M.PL
|-
| ''nfr.wï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}wï || good:M.DU || nfr-wï || good-M.DU
|-
| ''nfr.t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t || good:F || nfr-t || good-F[SG]
|-
| ''nfr.(w)t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || good:F.PL || nfr-t {{Orange|(!)}} || good-F:PL
|-
| ''nfr.tï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}tï || good:F.DU || nfr-tï || good-F:DU
|}

=== Ordinal number affix ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''.nw ''(e.g. ''4.nw'') || {{TrSep}}nw || :ORD || -nw || -ORD
|-
| ''mḥ'' || mḥ || ORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Existential adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wn'' || wn || existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not_existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== ‘Nisbes’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j)'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï || west:ADJZ || jmnt-ï || west-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)w'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || west:ADJZ:M.PL || jmnt-ï-w || west-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)t'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || west:ADJZ:F || jmnt-ï-t || west-ADJZ-F
|-
| ''ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï || under:ADJZ || ẖr-ï || under-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)w'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || under:ADJZ:M.PL || ẖr-ï-w || under-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)t'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || under:ADJZ:F || ẖr-ï-t || under-ADJZ-F
|}

=== ‘Indirect Genitive’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nï || of || nï || of[M.SG]
|-
| ''n(j).w'' || nï{{TrSep}}w || of:M.PL || nï-w || of-M.PL
|-
| ''n(j).t'' || nï{{TrSep}}t || of:F || nï-t || of-F
|-
| ''n(j) ''(uninflected) || nï || of || nï || of
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ntï / nt(j)'' || ntï || REL || ntï || REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''nt(j).w'' || ntï{{TrSep}}w || REL:M.PL || ntï-w || REL-M.PL
|-
| ''nt(j).t'' || ntï{{TrSep}}t || REL:F || ntï-t || REL-F
|-
| ''jwtï / jwt(j)'' || jwtï || REL.NEG || jwtï || REL.NEG[M.SG]
|-
| ''jwt(j).w'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}w || REL.NEG:M.PL || jwtï-w || REL.NEG-M.PL
|-
| ''jwt(j).t'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}t || REL.NEG:F || jwtï-t || REL.NEG-F
|}

=== Uninflected verbal forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:INF || gm{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}INF
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss ''gmi̯.t'' as gm{{TrSep}}t gm{{TrSep}}t find{{tf}}INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’''
:A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a '''transfix'''. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs ''IIIae inf.'' like ''gmi̯'' and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like ''sḏm''. With the markup with ‘{{tf}}’, the encoder makes it clear that '''the feature INF is not solely present in the ''.t'''''.
:This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.

==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || find:ADV.INF || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}ADV.INF
|}

==== ‘Negatival Complement’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:ADVZ || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}ADVZ
|}

=== Verbal forms with person/number inflection ===
==== Imperative ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IMP || gm || find{{tf}}IMP
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:IMP:PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}IMP-PL
|-
| ''m'' || m || do.not:IMP || m || PROH
|}

==== Resultative ''alias'' Stative ''alias'' ‘Pseudo-participle’ ====
;Middle Egyptian:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}kw || find:RES:1SG || gm-kw || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯.w'' || gm / gm{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm-w || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES-3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / *gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || rowspan="2" | find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || rowspan="2" | find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.wïn'' || gm{{TrSep}}wïn || gm-wïn
|-
| ''gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnï || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnï || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL
|}

;Old Egyptian (orthography):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj'' || gm{{TrSep}}kj || find:RES:1SG || gm-kj || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j)'' || gm / gm.j || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm.j || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES:3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.twn(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnj || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnj || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmj{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL.M || gm-w / gmj-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3PL.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.F
|}

=== Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection ===
==== ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Present’ ''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:IPFV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:SBJV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜣn'' || mꜣn || see:SBJV || mꜣn || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ ''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST || mꜣꜣ || see{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfect’ ''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''mꜣ.n'' || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜣ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PRV || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PRV
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' ''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''mꜣꜣ.t'' || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜣꜣ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜣ'' || mꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜣꜣ'' || mꜣꜣ || see:POST.PASS || mꜣ~ꜣ || see~POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS
|}

Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.

Cf. the following two sentences:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''jw gmi̯.n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ.t'' || ''jw gmi̯.n'''=f''' mḏꜣ.t''
|-
| jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t || jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n-'''f''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t
|-
| GRND find{{tf}}ANT '''king(M)[SG]''' writing:F[SG] || GRND find{{tf}}ANT-'''3SG.M''' writing:F[SG]
|-
| ‘'''The king''' found the manuscript.’ || ‘'''He''' found the manuscript.’
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ ''nj sḏm.n=f''?’''
:The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal ''sḏm.n=f'' in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of ''nj sḏm.n=f'' specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!)
;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’''
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a perfective form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the action as a whole – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does never occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the whole action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.</ref>

==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6 Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence.] In: Eitan Grossman ''et al.'' (eds.), ''On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar'', Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| '''‘Nominal Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfective’ ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfect’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:NMLZ:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}NMLZ:ANT
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Nominal Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Present’ || ''gmm'' || gmm || find:NMLZ:IPFV || gm~m || find{{tf}}NMLZ~IPFV
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:NMLZ.IPFV || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}NMLZ.IPFV
|-
| '''‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’''' || ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy / gm || find:NMLZ || gmy, gm || find{{tf}}NMLZ
|}

==== Consecutive verb forms, ''alias'' ‘Contingent verb forms’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ‘Consecutive’ || ''gmi̯.jn'' || rowspan="4" | gm{{TrSep}}jn || rowspan="4" | find:CNSV || gm{{TrSep}}jn || find{{tf}}CNSV
|-
|  (‘Perfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}PRV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}IPFV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Posterior Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-jn || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV
|-
| ‘Obligative’ || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || rowspan="3" | find:OBLV || gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || find{{tf}}OBLV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Obligative’) || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || gm-ḫr || find{{tf}}IPFV-OBLV
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV
|-
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜣ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜣ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜣ / gmi̯.w.kꜣ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜣ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜣ'' || gmy-kꜣ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT
|}

==== Passive suffix ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(w) / .tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :PASS || -tw (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(j) / .tj'' || {{TrSep}}tj || :PASS || -tj (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|}

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''pꜣw / pꜣ(w)'' || pꜣw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Adjectival verbal forms ===
==== ‘Relative Forms’ ====
Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Anterior Relative Form’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective Relative Form’ ''alias'' ‘Relative Form Perfect’
|-
| ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL[M]:ANT
|-
| ''gmi̯.t.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:F:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL:F:ANT
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Imperfective Relative Form’'''
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M || gm~m-w || find~REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M.PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:REL.IPFV:F || gm~m-t || find~REL.IPFV-F
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:REL.IPFV:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘''Clère''’s relative form’''' alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:REL || gmy || find{{tf}}REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:REL:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}REL-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:REL:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}REL-F
|}

==== Participles ====
;Unabbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PTCP.ACT || gm || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.ACT:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PTCP.PASS || gmy || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.PASS:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL (''abbr.'': hear:PDA:M.PL) || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M || gm~m-w || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP.POST:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PTCP.POST:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:PL
|}

;Abbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PA || gm || find{{tf}}PA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PA:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PA:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PP || gmy || find{{tf}}PP[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PP:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PP-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PP:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PDA || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PDA:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDA:F || gm~m-t || find~PDA-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PDA || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) /'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDA:M.PL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDA:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M || gm~m-w || find~PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDP:F || gm~m-t || find~PDP-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDP:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PPO:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PPO:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PPO:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PPO:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PPA:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PPA:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PPA:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PPA:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PPA:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PPA:PL
|}

=== Particles and function words ===
==== Prepositions ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for=
|-
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for-
|-
| ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to=
|-
| ''n='' (STPR) || n- || for- / due_to- || n- || BEN- / due_to-
|-
| ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with=
|-
| ''jm='' (STPR) || m- || in- / from- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with- || jm- || INESS- / ABL- <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with-
|-
| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of
|-
| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8 The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12
p. 183–203. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" />
|-
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with
|}

==== Autonomous and enclitic particles ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''j'' || j || EXLM || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jw'' || jw || GRND / CORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jwt'' || jwt || that_not || jwt || COMP.NEG
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || Q || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || by || jn || AGT
|-
| ''jr'' || jr || as_for || jr || TOPZ
|-
| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ
|-
| ''ꜥḥꜥ.n'' || ꜥḥꜥ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜥḥꜥ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT
|-
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM
|-
| ''wn.jn'' || wn{{TrSep}}jn || then || wn{{TrSep}}jn || CJVB:CNSV
|-
| ''wnt'' || wnt || that || wnt || COMP
|-
| ''pw ''(nominal clause) || pw || this || =pw || =DEM.C
|-
| ''m=k'' || m{{TrSep}}k || look.IMP:2SG.M || m-k || ATTN-2SG.M
|-
| ''m=ṯ'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯ || look.IMP:2SG.F || m-č || ATTN-2SG.F
|-
| ''m=ṯn'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯn || look.IMP:2PL || m-čn || ATTN-2PL
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nj || not || nj= || NEG=
|-
| ''n(j) ... js'' || nj ... js || not1 ... not1 || nj= ... js || NEG1= ... NEG1
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not / non_existent || nn || NEG / non_existent
|-
| ''ntt'' || ntt || that || ntt || COMP
|-
| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḥꜣ'' || ḥꜣ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''sk , jsṯ , ...'' || sk , jsṯ , ... || SBRD / meanwhile || sk , jsč , ... || SBRD / meanwhile
|-
| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''kꜣ'' || kꜣ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

==== Adverbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ꜥꜣ'' || ꜥꜣ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''wr.t'' || wr{{TrSep}}t || very || wr{{TrSep}}t || very:ADVZ
|}

=== Selected clause patterns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jw=s sḏm=s'' || jw{{TrSep}}s sḏm{{TrSep}}s || GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F || jw-s sč̣m-s || GRND-3SG.F hear{{tf}}IPFV-3SG.F
|-
| ''jw sḏm.n=s'' || jw sḏm{{TrSep}}n{{TrSep}}s || GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F || jw sč̣m{{TrSep}}n-s || GRND hear{{tf}}ANT-3SG.F
|-
| ''nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M at find:INF || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M at find:INF || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M at find:INF || jw-f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw m jyi̯.t'' || nzw m jy{{TrSep}}t || king.M in come:INF || nzw m= jy{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] in= come{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw r gmi̯.t'' || nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M to find:INF || nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw r gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M to find:INF || jw nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f r gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M to find:INF || jw-f r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t'' || jḫ{{TrSep}}t pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F DEM.C good:F || jḫ{{TrSep}}t =pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG]
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules.] In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D.
;Grammars:
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online])
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.

Unicode

2017-08-06T19:00:39Z

Werningd: Ain/Alif corrected

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2 ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode''], DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aegy_anoa/utilities/.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2017-08-06T18:47:04Z

Werningd: Bibl. formatted

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''Ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''Ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2 ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode''], DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#Hieroglyphen_in_der_Textverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aegy_anoa/utilities/.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms

2017-08-06T18:36:49Z

Werningd: Correction of bibl. links

What follows is a list of '''Earlier Egyptian''' (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.

Please contribute to the list or to the '''discussion of the glossing of specific forms'''.

== Grammatical forms ==
=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
===== ‘Suffix pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=j'' || {{TrSep}}j || :1SG || -j || -1SG
|-
| ''=k'' || {{TrSep}}k || :2SG.M || -k || -2SG.M
|-
| ''=ṯ / =t'' || {{TrSep}}ṯ || :2SG.F || -č || -2SG.F
|-
| ''=f'' || {{TrSep}}f || :3SG.M || -f || -3SG.M
|-
| ''=s'' || {{TrSep}}s || :3SG.F || -s || -3SG.F
|-
| ''=n'' || {{TrSep}}n || :1PL || -n || -1PL
|-
| ''=ṯn / =tn'' || {{TrSep}}ṯn || :2PL || -čn || -2PL
|-
| ''=sn'' || {{TrSep}}sn || :3PL || -sn || -3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=n(j) / =nj'' || {{TrSep}}nj || :1DU || -nj || -1DU
|-
| ''=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj'' || {{TrSep}}ṯnj || :2DU || -čnj || -2DU
|-
| ''=sn(j) / =snj'' || {{TrSep}}snj || :3DU || -snj || -3DU
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Later Middle Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :IMPRS || -tw || -IMPRS
|}

===== ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wj'' || wj || 1SG || =w {{Orange|(!)}} || =1SG
|-
| ''ṯw / tw'' || ṯw || 2SG.M || =čw || =2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2SG.F || =čn || =2SG.F
|-
| ''sw'' || sw || 3SG.M || =sw || =3SG.M
|-
| ''s(j) / sï'' || sï || 3SG.F || =sï || =3SG.F
|-
| ''n'' || n || 1PL || =n || =1PL
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2PL || =čn || =2PL
|-
| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL
|-
| ''st'' || st || 3COLL || =st || =3COLL
|}

===== Independent personal pronouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jnk'' || jnk || 1SG || jnk || 1SG
|-
| ''ntk'' || ntk || 2SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}k || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ntṯ / ntt'' || ntṯ || 2SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}č || 2SG.F
|-
| ''ntf'' || ntf || 3SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}f || 3SG.M
|-
| ''nts'' || nts || 3SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}s || 3SG.F
|-
| ''*jnn'' || jnn || 1PL || jnn || 1PL
|-
| ''ntn'' || ntn || 1PL || nt{{TrSep}}n || 1PL
|-
| ''ntṯn / nttn'' || ntṯn || 2PL || nt{{TrSep}}čn || 2PL
|-
| ''ntsn'' || ntsn || 3PL || nt{{TrSep}}sn || 3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt'' || ṯwt || 2SG.M || čwt || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯmt'' || ṯmt || 2SG.F || čmt || 2SG.F
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG.M || swt || 3SG.M
|-
| ''stt'' || stt || 3SG.F || stt || 3SG.F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || 2SG || čwt || 2SG
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG || swt || 3SG
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (2013). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0 Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review.] In: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), ''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0.</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" />
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || swt
|}

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neutral'''
|-
| ''pw'' || pw || this:M || pw || DEM:M.SG
|-
| ''tw'' || tw || this:F || tw || DEM:F.SG
|-
| ''nw'' || nw || this || nw || DEM:C
|-
| ''nw n(j)'' || nw_nï || these || nw_nï || DEM:PL
|-
| ''jpw'' || jpw || these:M || jpw || DEM.PL:M
|-
| ''jptw'' || jptw || these:F || jptw || DEM.PL:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (older form)'''
|-
| ''pn'' || pn || this:M || pn || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tn'' || tn || this:F || tn || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || this || nn || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nn n(j)'' || nn_nï || these || nn_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| ''jpn'' || jpn || these:M || jpn || DEM.PL:PROX:M
|-
| ''jptn'' || jptn || these:F || jptn || DEM.PL:PROX:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)'''
|-
| ''pꜢ'' || pꜢ || this:M || pꜢ || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || this:F || tꜢ || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nꜢ'' || nꜢ || this || nꜢ || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nꜢ n(j)'' || nꜢ_nï || these || nꜢ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Distal'''
|-
| ''pf'' || pf || that:M || pf || DEM.DIST:M.SG
|-
| ''tf'' || tf || that:F || tf || DEM.DIST:F.SG
|-
| ''nf'' || nf || that || nf || DEM.DIST:C
|-
| ''nf n(j)'' || nf_nï || those || nf_nï || DEM.DIST:PL
|-
| ''jpf'' || jpf || those:M || jpf || DEM.PL:DIST:M
|-
| ''jptf'' || jptf || those:F || jptf || DEM.PL:DIST:F
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || land.M || tꜢ || land(M)[SG]
|-
| ''tꜢ.w'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜢ-w || land(M)-PL
|-
| ''tꜢ.wï'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜢ-wï || land(M)-DU
|-
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG]
|-
| ''p.(w)t'' || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F.PL || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F:PL
|-
| ''p.tï'' || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F.DU || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F:DU
|-
| ''jn.w'' || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M[SG] (''analytic'': bring:COLL.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.w'' || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG])
|-
| ''spr.w'' || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M[SG] (''analytic'': petition:AGT.M[SG])
|-
| ''wrḏ.w'' || wrḏ{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M || wrč̣{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M[SG] (''analytic'': weary:NMLZ.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.wt'' || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:COLL.F)
|-
| ''ḥz.wt'' || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F[SG] (''analytic'': praise:ABSTR.F)
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p{{TrSep}}t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’
:The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.''
;FAQ:
:''‘Why does the glossing show the sequence number–gender in some cases, but gender–number in others?’''
:The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–number–gender) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (gender–number). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.

==== Nominal ''status constructus'' ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ-jmn.t / tꜢ jmn.t'' || tꜢ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' land.M:STC west:F || tꜢ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG]
|-
| ''nb.t-p.t / nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG]
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''nfr'' || nfr || good || nfr || good[M.SG]
|-
| ''nfr.w'' || nfr{{TrSep}}w || good:M.PL || nfr-w || good-M.PL
|-
| ''nfr.wï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}wï || good:M.DU || nfr-wï || good-M.DU
|-
| ''nfr.t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t || good:F || nfr-t || good-F[SG]
|-
| ''nfr.(w)t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || good:F.PL || nfr-t {{Orange|(!)}} || good-F:PL
|-
| ''nfr.tï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}tï || good:F.DU || nfr-tï || good-F:DU
|}

=== Ordinal number affix ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''.nw ''(e.g. ''4.nw'') || {{TrSep}}nw || :ORD || -nw || -ORD
|-
| ''mḥ'' || mḥ || ORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Existential adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wn'' || wn || existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not_existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== ‘Nisbes’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j)'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï || west:ADJZ || jmnt-ï || west-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)w'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || west:ADJZ:M.PL || jmnt-ï-w || west-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)t'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || west:ADJZ:F || jmnt-ï-t || west-ADJZ-F
|-
| ''ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï || under:ADJZ || ẖr-ï || under-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)w'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || under:ADJZ:M.PL || ẖr-ï-w || under-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)t'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || under:ADJZ:F || ẖr-ï-t || under-ADJZ-F
|}

=== ‘Indirect Genitive’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nï || of || nï || of[M.SG]
|-
| ''n(j).w'' || nï{{TrSep}}w || of:M.PL || nï-w || of-M.PL
|-
| ''n(j).t'' || nï{{TrSep}}t || of:F || nï-t || of-F
|-
| ''n(j) ''(uninflected) || nï || of || nï || of
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ntï / nt(j)'' || ntï || REL || ntï || REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''nt(j).w'' || ntï{{TrSep}}w || REL:M.PL || ntï-w || REL-M.PL
|-
| ''nt(j).t'' || ntï{{TrSep}}t || REL:F || ntï-t || REL-F
|-
| ''jwtï / jwt(j)'' || jwtï || REL.NEG || jwtï || REL.NEG[M.SG]
|-
| ''jwt(j).w'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}w || REL.NEG:M.PL || jwtï-w || REL.NEG-M.PL
|-
| ''jwt(j).t'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}t || REL.NEG:F || jwtï-t || REL.NEG-F
|}

=== Uninflected verbal forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:Ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}Ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-Ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:INF || gm{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}INF
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss ''gmi̯.t'' as gm{{TrSep}}t gm{{TrSep}}t find{{tf}}INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’''
:A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a '''transfix'''. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs ''IIIae inf.'' like ''gmi̯'' and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like ''sḏm''. With the markup with ‘{{tf}}’, the encoder makes it clear that '''the feature INF is not solely present in the ''.t'''''.
:This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.

==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || find:ADV.INF || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}ADV.INF
|}

==== ‘Negatival Complement’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:ADVZ || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}ADVZ
|}

=== Verbal forms with person/number inflection ===
==== Imperative ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IMP || gm || find{{tf}}IMP
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:IMP:PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}IMP-PL
|-
| ''m'' || m || do.not:IMP || m || PROH
|}

==== Resultative ''alias'' Stative ''alias'' ‘Pseudo-participle’ ====
;Middle Egyptian:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}kw || find:RES:1SG || gm-kw || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯.w'' || gm / gm{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm-w || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES-3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / *gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || rowspan="2" | find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || rowspan="2" | find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.wïn'' || gm{{TrSep}}wïn || gm-wïn
|-
| ''gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnï || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnï || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL
|}

;Old Egyptian (orthography):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj'' || gm{{TrSep}}kj || find:RES:1SG || gm-kj || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j)'' || gm / gm.j || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm.j || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES:3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.twn(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnj || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnj || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmj{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL.M || gm-w / gmj-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3PL.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.F
|}

=== Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection ===
==== ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Present’ ''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:IPFV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:SBJV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢn'' || mꜢn || see:SBJV || mꜢn || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ ''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST || mꜢꜢ || see{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfect’ ''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''mꜢ.n'' || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PRV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PRV
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' ''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ.t'' || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ~Ꜣ || see~POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS
|}

Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.

Cf. the following two sentences:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''jw gmi̯.n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ.t'' || ''jw gmi̯.n'''=f''' mḏꜣ.t''
|-
| jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t || jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n-'''f''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t
|-
| GRND find{{tf}}ANT '''king(M)[SG]''' writing:F[SG] || GRND find{{tf}}ANT-'''3SG.M''' writing:F[SG]
|-
| ‘'''The king''' found the manuscript.’ || ‘'''He''' found the manuscript.’
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ ''nj sḏm.n=f''?’''
:The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal ''sḏm.n=f'' in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of ''nj sḏm.n=f'' specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!)
;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’''
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a perfective form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the action as a whole – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does never occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the whole action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE6-C.</ref>

==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6 Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence.] In: Eitan Grossman ''et al.'' (eds.), ''On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar'', Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| '''‘Nominal Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfective’ ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfect’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:NMLZ:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}NMLZ:ANT
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Nominal Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Present’ || ''gmm'' || gmm || find:NMLZ:IPFV || gm~m || find{{tf}}NMLZ~IPFV
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:NMLZ.IPFV || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}NMLZ.IPFV
|-
| '''‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’''' || ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy / gm || find:NMLZ || gmy, gm || find{{tf}}NMLZ
|}

==== Consecutive verb forms, ''alias'' ‘Contingent verb forms’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ‘Consecutive’ || ''gmi̯.jn'' || rowspan="4" | gm{{TrSep}}jn || rowspan="4" | find:CNSV || gm{{TrSep}}jn || find{{tf}}CNSV
|-
|  (‘Perfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}PRV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}IPFV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Posterior Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-jn || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV
|-
| ‘Obligative’ || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || rowspan="3" | find:OBLV || gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || find{{tf}}OBLV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Obligative’) || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || gm-ḫr || find{{tf}}IPFV-OBLV
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV
|-
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜢ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜢ / gmi̯.w.kꜢ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜢ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜢ'' || gmy-kꜢ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT
|}

==== Passive suffix ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(w) / .tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :PASS || -tw (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(j) / .tj'' || {{TrSep}}tj || :PASS || -tj (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|}

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''pꜢw / pꜢ(w)'' || pꜢw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Adjectival verbal forms ===
==== ‘Relative Forms’ ====
Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Anterior Relative Form’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective Relative Form’ ''alias'' ‘Relative Form Perfect’
|-
| ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL[M]:ANT
|-
| ''gmi̯.t.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:F:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL:F:ANT
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Imperfective Relative Form’'''
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M || gm~m-w || find~REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M.PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:REL.IPFV:F || gm~m-t || find~REL.IPFV-F
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:REL.IPFV:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘''Clère''’s relative form’''' alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:REL || gmy || find{{tf}}REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:REL:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}REL-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:REL:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}REL-F
|}

==== Participles ====
;Unabbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PTCP.ACT || gm || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.ACT:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PTCP.PASS || gmy || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.PASS:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL (''abbr.'': hear:PDA:M.PL) || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M || gm~m-w || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP.POST:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PTCP.POST:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:PL
|}

;Abbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PA || gm || find{{tf}}PA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PA:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PA:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PP || gmy || find{{tf}}PP[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PP:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PP-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PP:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PDA || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PDA:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDA:F || gm~m-t || find~PDA-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PDA || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) /'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDA:M.PL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDA:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M || gm~m-w || find~PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDP:F || gm~m-t || find~PDP-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDP:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PPO:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PPO:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PPO:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PPO:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PPA:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PPA:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PPA:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PPA:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PPA:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PPA:PL
|}

=== Particles and function words ===
==== Prepositions ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE4-E.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for=
|-
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for-
|-
| ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to=
|-
| ''n='' (STPR) || n- || for- / due_to- || n- || BEN- / due_to-
|-
| ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with=
|-
| ''jm='' (STPR) || m- || in- / from- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with- || jm- || INESS- / ABL- <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with-
|-
| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of
|-
| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8 The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12
p. 183–203. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEA-8.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" />
|-
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with
|}

==== Autonomous and enclitic particles ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''j'' || j || EXLM || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jw'' || jw || GRND / CORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jwt'' || jwt || that_not || jwt || COMP.NEG
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || Q || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || by || jn || AGT
|-
| ''jr'' || jr || as_for || jr || TOPZ
|-
| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ
|-
| ''ꜤḥꜤ.n'' || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT
|-
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM
|-
| ''wn.jn'' || wn{{TrSep}}jn || then || wn{{TrSep}}jn || CJVB:CNSV
|-
| ''wnt'' || wnt || that || wnt || COMP
|-
| ''pw ''(nominal clause) || pw || this || =pw || =DEM.C
|-
| ''m=k'' || m{{TrSep}}k || look.IMP:2SG.M || m-k || ATTN-2SG.M
|-
| ''m=ṯ'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯ || look.IMP:2SG.F || m-č || ATTN-2SG.F
|-
| ''m=ṯn'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯn || look.IMP:2PL || m-čn || ATTN-2PL
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nj || not || nj= || NEG=
|-
| ''n(j) ... js'' || nj ... js || not1 ... not1 || nj= ... js || NEG1= ... NEG1
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not / non_existent || nn || NEG / non_existent
|-
| ''ntt'' || ntt || that || ntt || COMP
|-
| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḥꜢ'' || ḥꜢ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''sk , jsṯ , ...'' || sk , jsṯ , ... || SBRD / meanwhile || sk , jsč , ... || SBRD / meanwhile
|-
| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''kꜢ'' || kꜢ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

==== Adverbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ꜤꜢ'' || ꜤꜢ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''wr.t'' || wr{{TrSep}}t || very || wr{{TrSep}}t || very:ADVZ
|}

=== Selected clause patterns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jw=s sḏm=s'' || jw{{TrSep}}s sḏm{{TrSep}}s || GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F || jw-s sč̣m-s || GRND-3SG.F hear{{tf}}IPFV-3SG.F
|-
| ''jw sḏm.n=s'' || jw sḏm{{TrSep}}n{{TrSep}}s || GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F || jw sč̣m{{TrSep}}n-s || GRND hear{{tf}}ANT-3SG.F
|-
| ''nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M at find:INF || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M at find:INF || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M at find:INF || jw-f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw m jyi̯.t'' || nzw m jy{{TrSep}}t || king.M in come:INF || nzw m= jy{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] in= come{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw r gmi̯.t'' || nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M to find:INF || nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw r gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M to find:INF || jw nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f r gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M to find:INF || jw-f r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t'' || jḫ{{TrSep}}t pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F DEM.C good:F || jḫ{{TrSep}}t =pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG]
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules.] In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. DOI/PID 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D.
;Grammars:
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online])
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.

Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms

2017-08-06T15:24:50Z

Werningd: Bibliographie aktualisiert

What follows is a list of '''Earlier Egyptian''' (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.

Please contribute to the list or to the '''discussion of the glossing of specific forms'''.

== Grammatical forms ==
=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
===== ‘Suffix pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=j'' || {{TrSep}}j || :1SG || -j || -1SG
|-
| ''=k'' || {{TrSep}}k || :2SG.M || -k || -2SG.M
|-
| ''=ṯ / =t'' || {{TrSep}}ṯ || :2SG.F || -č || -2SG.F
|-
| ''=f'' || {{TrSep}}f || :3SG.M || -f || -3SG.M
|-
| ''=s'' || {{TrSep}}s || :3SG.F || -s || -3SG.F
|-
| ''=n'' || {{TrSep}}n || :1PL || -n || -1PL
|-
| ''=ṯn / =tn'' || {{TrSep}}ṯn || :2PL || -čn || -2PL
|-
| ''=sn'' || {{TrSep}}sn || :3PL || -sn || -3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=n(j) / =nj'' || {{TrSep}}nj || :1DU || -nj || -1DU
|-
| ''=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj'' || {{TrSep}}ṯnj || :2DU || -čnj || -2DU
|-
| ''=sn(j) / =snj'' || {{TrSep}}snj || :3DU || -snj || -3DU
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Later Middle Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :IMPRS || -tw || -IMPRS
|}

===== ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wj'' || wj || 1SG || =w {{Orange|(!)}} || =1SG
|-
| ''ṯw / tw'' || ṯw || 2SG.M || =čw || =2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2SG.F || =čn || =2SG.F
|-
| ''sw'' || sw || 3SG.M || =sw || =3SG.M
|-
| ''s(j) / sï'' || sï || 3SG.F || =sï || =3SG.F
|-
| ''n'' || n || 1PL || =n || =1PL
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2PL || =čn || =2PL
|-
| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL
|-
| ''st'' || st || 3COLL || =st || =3COLL
|}

===== Independent personal pronouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jnk'' || jnk || 1SG || jnk || 1SG
|-
| ''ntk'' || ntk || 2SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}k || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ntṯ / ntt'' || ntṯ || 2SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}č || 2SG.F
|-
| ''ntf'' || ntf || 3SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}f || 3SG.M
|-
| ''nts'' || nts || 3SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}s || 3SG.F
|-
| ''*jnn'' || jnn || 1PL || jnn || 1PL
|-
| ''ntn'' || ntn || 1PL || nt{{TrSep}}n || 1PL
|-
| ''ntṯn / nttn'' || ntṯn || 2PL || nt{{TrSep}}čn || 2PL
|-
| ''ntsn'' || ntsn || 3PL || nt{{TrSep}}sn || 3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt'' || ṯwt || 2SG.M || čwt || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯmt'' || ṯmt || 2SG.F || čmt || 2SG.F
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG.M || swt || 3SG.M
|-
| ''stt'' || stt || 3SG.F || stt || 3SG.F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || 2SG || čwt || 2SG
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG || swt || 3SG
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (2013) Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A Critical Review. In: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), ''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier. PID [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE2-0].</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" />
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || swt
|}

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neutral'''
|-
| ''pw'' || pw || this:M || pw || DEM:M.SG
|-
| ''tw'' || tw || this:F || tw || DEM:F.SG
|-
| ''nw'' || nw || this || nw || DEM:C
|-
| ''nw n(j)'' || nw_nï || these || nw_nï || DEM:PL
|-
| ''jpw'' || jpw || these:M || jpw || DEM.PL:M
|-
| ''jptw'' || jptw || these:F || jptw || DEM.PL:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (older form)'''
|-
| ''pn'' || pn || this:M || pn || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tn'' || tn || this:F || tn || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || this || nn || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nn n(j)'' || nn_nï || these || nn_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| ''jpn'' || jpn || these:M || jpn || DEM.PL:PROX:M
|-
| ''jptn'' || jptn || these:F || jptn || DEM.PL:PROX:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)'''
|-
| ''pꜢ'' || pꜢ || this:M || pꜢ || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || this:F || tꜢ || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nꜢ'' || nꜢ || this || nꜢ || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nꜢ n(j)'' || nꜢ_nï || these || nꜢ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Distal'''
|-
| ''pf'' || pf || that:M || pf || DEM.DIST:M.SG
|-
| ''tf'' || tf || that:F || tf || DEM.DIST:F.SG
|-
| ''nf'' || nf || that || nf || DEM.DIST:C
|-
| ''nf n(j)'' || nf_nï || those || nf_nï || DEM.DIST:PL
|-
| ''jpf'' || jpf || those:M || jpf || DEM.PL:DIST:M
|-
| ''jptf'' || jptf || those:F || jptf || DEM.PL:DIST:F
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || land.M || tꜢ || land(M)[SG]
|-
| ''tꜢ.w'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜢ-w || land(M)-PL
|-
| ''tꜢ.wï'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜢ-wï || land(M)-DU
|-
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG]
|-
| ''p.(w)t'' || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F.PL || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F:PL
|-
| ''p.tï'' || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F.DU || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F:DU
|-
| ''jn.w'' || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M[SG] (''analytic'': bring:COLL.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.w'' || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG])
|-
| ''spr.w'' || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M[SG] (''analytic'': petition:AGT.M[SG])
|-
| ''wrḏ.w'' || wrḏ{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M || wrč̣{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M[SG] (''analytic'': weary:NMLZ.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.wt'' || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:COLL.F)
|-
| ''ḥz.wt'' || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F[SG] (''analytic'': praise:ABSTR.F)
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p{{TrSep}}t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’
:The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.''
;FAQ:
:''‘Why does the glossing show the sequence number–gender in some cases, but gender–number in others?’''
:The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–number–gender) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (gender–number). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.

==== Nominal ''status constructus'' ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ-jmn.t / tꜢ jmn.t'' || tꜢ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' land.M:STC west:F || tꜢ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG]
|-
| ''nb.t-p.t / nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG]
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''nfr'' || nfr || good || nfr || good[M.SG]
|-
| ''nfr.w'' || nfr{{TrSep}}w || good:M.PL || nfr-w || good-M.PL
|-
| ''nfr.wï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}wï || good:M.DU || nfr-wï || good-M.DU
|-
| ''nfr.t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t || good:F || nfr-t || good-F[SG]
|-
| ''nfr.(w)t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || good:F.PL || nfr-t {{Orange|(!)}} || good-F:PL
|-
| ''nfr.tï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}tï || good:F.DU || nfr-tï || good-F:DU
|}

=== Ordinal number affix ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''.nw ''(e.g. ''4.nw'') || {{TrSep}}nw || :ORD || -nw || -ORD
|-
| ''mḥ'' || mḥ || ORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Existential adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wn'' || wn || existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not_existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== ‘Nisbes’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j)'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï || west:ADJZ || jmnt-ï || west-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)w'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || west:ADJZ:M.PL || jmnt-ï-w || west-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)t'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || west:ADJZ:F || jmnt-ï-t || west-ADJZ-F
|-
| ''ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï || under:ADJZ || ẖr-ï || under-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)w'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || under:ADJZ:M.PL || ẖr-ï-w || under-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)t'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || under:ADJZ:F || ẖr-ï-t || under-ADJZ-F
|}

=== ‘Indirect Genitive’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nï || of || nï || of[M.SG]
|-
| ''n(j).w'' || nï{{TrSep}}w || of:M.PL || nï-w || of-M.PL
|-
| ''n(j).t'' || nï{{TrSep}}t || of:F || nï-t || of-F
|-
| ''n(j) ''(uninflected) || nï || of || nï || of
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ntï / nt(j)'' || ntï || REL || ntï || REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''nt(j).w'' || ntï{{TrSep}}w || REL:M.PL || ntï-w || REL-M.PL
|-
| ''nt(j).t'' || ntï{{TrSep}}t || REL:F || ntï-t || REL-F
|-
| ''jwtï / jwt(j)'' || jwtï || REL.NEG || jwtï || REL.NEG[M.SG]
|-
| ''jwt(j).w'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}w || REL.NEG:M.PL || jwtï-w || REL.NEG-M.PL
|-
| ''jwt(j).t'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}t || REL.NEG:F || jwtï-t || REL.NEG-F
|}

=== Uninflected verbal forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:Ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}Ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-Ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:INF || gm{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}INF
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss ''gmi̯.t'' as gm{{TrSep}}t gm{{TrSep}}t find{{tf}}INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’''
:A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a '''transfix'''. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs ''IIIae inf.'' like ''gmi̯'' and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like ''sḏm''. With the markup with ‘{{tf}}’, the encoder makes it clear that '''the feature INF is not solely present in the ''.t'''''.
:This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.

==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || find:ADV.INF || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}ADV.INF
|}

==== ‘Negatival Complement’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:ADVZ || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}ADVZ
|}

=== Verbal forms with person/number inflection ===
==== Imperative ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IMP || gm || find{{tf}}IMP
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:IMP:PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}IMP-PL
|-
| ''m'' || m || do.not:IMP || m || PROH
|}

==== Resultative ''alias'' Stative ''alias'' ‘Pseudo-participle’ ====
;Middle Egyptian:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}kw || find:RES:1SG || gm-kw || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯.w'' || gm / gm{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm-w || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES-3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / *gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || rowspan="2" | find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || rowspan="2" | find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.wïn'' || gm{{TrSep}}wïn || gm-wïn
|-
| ''gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnï || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnï || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL
|}

;Old Egyptian (orthography):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj'' || gm{{TrSep}}kj || find:RES:1SG || gm-kj || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j)'' || gm / gm.j || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm.j || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES:3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.twn(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnj || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnj || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmj{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL.M || gm-w / gmj-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3PL.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.F
|}

=== Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection ===
==== ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Present’ ''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:IPFV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:SBJV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢn'' || mꜢn || see:SBJV || mꜢn || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ ''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST || mꜢꜢ || see{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfect’ ''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''mꜢ.n'' || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PRV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PRV
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' ''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ.t'' || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ~Ꜣ || see~POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS
|}

Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.

Cf. the following two sentences:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''jw gmi̯.n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ.t'' || ''jw gmi̯.n'''=f''' mḏꜣ.t''
|-
| jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t || jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n-'''f''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t
|-
| GRND find{{tf}}ANT '''king(M)[SG]''' writing:F[SG] || GRND find{{tf}}ANT-'''3SG.M''' writing:F[SG]
|-
| ‘'''The king''' found the manuscript.’ || ‘'''He''' found the manuscript.’
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ ''nj sḏm.n=f''?’''
:The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal ''sḏm.n=f'' in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of ''nj sḏm.n=f'' specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!)
;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’''
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a perfective form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the action as a whole – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does never occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the whole action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292.</ref>

==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2014) Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: Eitan Grossman ''et al.'' (eds.), ''On Forms and Functions: Studies in Ancient Egyptian Grammar'', Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 15, Hamburg 2014: Kai Widmaier, 309–338. PID [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6 21.11101/0000-0000-9DEC-6].</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| '''‘Nominal Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfective’ ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfect’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:NMLZ:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}NMLZ:ANT
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Nominal Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Present’ || ''gmm'' || gmm || find:NMLZ:IPFV || gm~m || find{{tf}}NMLZ~IPFV
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:NMLZ.IPFV || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}NMLZ.IPFV
|-
| '''‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’''' || ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy / gm || find:NMLZ || gmy, gm || find{{tf}}NMLZ
|}

==== Consecutive verb forms, ''alias'' ‘Contingent verb forms’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ‘Consecutive’ || ''gmi̯.jn'' || rowspan="4" | gm{{TrSep}}jn || rowspan="4" | find:CNSV || gm{{TrSep}}jn || find{{tf}}CNSV
|-
|  (‘Perfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}PRV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}IPFV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Posterior Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-jn || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV
|-
| ‘Obligative’ || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || rowspan="3" | find:OBLV || gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || find{{tf}}OBLV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Obligative’) || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || gm-ḫr || find{{tf}}IPFV-OBLV
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV
|-
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜢ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜢ / gmi̯.w.kꜢ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜢ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜢ'' || gmy-kꜢ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT
|}

==== Passive suffix ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(w) / .tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :PASS || -tw (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(j) / .tj'' || {{TrSep}}tj || :PASS || -tj (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|}

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''pꜢw / pꜢ(w)'' || pꜢw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Adjectival verbal forms ===
==== ‘Relative Forms’ ====
Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Anterior Relative Form’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective Relative Form’ ''alias'' ‘Relative Form Perfect’
|-
| ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL[M]:ANT
|-
| ''gmi̯.t.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:F:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL:F:ANT
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Imperfective Relative Form’'''
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M || gm~m-w || find~REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M.PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:REL.IPFV:F || gm~m-t || find~REL.IPFV-F
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:REL.IPFV:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘''Clère''’s relative form’''' alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:REL || gmy || find{{tf}}REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:REL:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}REL-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:REL:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}REL-F
|}

==== Participles ====
;Unabbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PTCP.ACT || gm || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.ACT:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PTCP.PASS || gmy || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.PASS:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL (''abbr.'': hear:PDA:M.PL) || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M || gm~m-w || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP.POST:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PTCP.POST:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:PL
|}

;Abbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PA || gm || find{{tf}}PA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PA:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PA:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PP || gmy || find{{tf}}PP[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PP:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PP-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PP:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PDA || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PDA:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDA:F || gm~m-t || find~PDA-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PDA || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) /'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDA:M.PL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDA:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M || gm~m-w || find~PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDP:F || gm~m-t || find~PDP-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDP:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PPO:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PPO:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PPO:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PPO:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PPA:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PPA:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PPA:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PPA:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PPA:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PPA:PL
|}

=== Particles and function words ===
==== Prepositions ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2012-Egyptian_Prepositions_Spatial_Relations.pdf Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for=
|-
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for-
|-
| ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to=
|-
| ''n='' (STPR) || n- || for- / due_to- || n- || BEN- / due_to-
|-
| ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with=
|-
| ''jm='' (STPR) || m- || in- / from- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with- || jm- || INESS- / ABL- <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with-
|-
| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of
|-
| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2004-Gardiner_D1.pdf The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12
p. 183–203.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" />
|-
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with
|}

==== Autonomous and enclitic particles ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''j'' || j || EXLM || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jw'' || jw || GRND / CORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jwt'' || jwt || that_not || jwt || COMP.NEG
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || Q || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || by || jn || AGT
|-
| ''jr'' || jr || as_for || jr || TOPZ
|-
| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ
|-
| ''ꜤḥꜤ.n'' || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT
|-
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM
|-
| ''wn.jn'' || wn{{TrSep}}jn || then || wn{{TrSep}}jn || CJVB:CNSV
|-
| ''wnt'' || wnt || that || wnt || COMP
|-
| ''pw ''(nominal clause) || pw || this || =pw || =DEM.C
|-
| ''m=k'' || m{{TrSep}}k || look.IMP:2SG.M || m-k || ATTN-2SG.M
|-
| ''m=ṯ'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯ || look.IMP:2SG.F || m-č || ATTN-2SG.F
|-
| ''m=ṯn'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯn || look.IMP:2PL || m-čn || ATTN-2PL
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nj || not || nj= || NEG=
|-
| ''n(j) ... js'' || nj ... js || not1 ... not1 || nj= ... js || NEG1= ... NEG1
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not / non_existent || nn || NEG / non_existent
|-
| ''ntt'' || ntt || that || ntt || COMP
|-
| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḥꜢ'' || ḥꜢ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''sk , jsṯ , ...'' || sk , jsṯ , ... || SBRD / meanwhile || sk , jsč , ... || SBRD / meanwhile
|-
| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''kꜢ'' || kꜢ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

==== Adverbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ꜤꜢ'' || ꜤꜢ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''wr.t'' || wr{{TrSep}}t || very || wr{{TrSep}}t || very:ADVZ
|}

=== Selected clause patterns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jw=s sḏm=s'' || jw{{TrSep}}s sḏm{{TrSep}}s || GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F || jw-s sč̣m-s || GRND-3SG.F hear{{tf}}IPFV-3SG.F
|-
| ''jw sḏm.n=s'' || jw sḏm{{TrSep}}n{{TrSep}}s || GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F || jw sč̣m{{TrSep}}n-s || GRND hear{{tf}}ANT-3SG.F
|-
| ''nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M at find:INF || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M at find:INF || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M at find:INF || jw-f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw m jyi̯.t'' || nzw m jy{{TrSep}}t || king.M in come:INF || nzw m= jy{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] in= come{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw r gmi̯.t'' || nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M to find:INF || nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw r gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M to find:INF || jw nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f r gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M to find:INF || jw-f r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t'' || jḫ{{TrSep}}t pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F DEM.C good:F || jḫ{{TrSep}}t =pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG]
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266. PID [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D 21.11101/0000-0000-9DE5-D].
;Grammars:
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online])
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
* Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.

Glossing Ancient Languages:General disclaimer

2017-08-06T14:13:09Z

Werningd: Typos corrected

''Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin''

On behalf of the president of Humboldt-Universität, the [http://www.hu-berlin.de/institutions/headship/pb/pb2 Press and Public Relations Office] carries responsibility for the content of the websites on the WWW server of Humboldt-Universität.

Online editorial staff of Humboldt University Berlin: mailto:hu-online@hu-berlin.de

Main editor of this wiki: Daniel A. Werning mailto:daniel.werning@topoi.org

'''Users''' who contribute any content or upload files to this wiki '''are responsible for the content and the files that they contribute'''.

Cite this wiki:
''Glossing Ancient Languages'' contributors, ''Glossing Ancient Languages'', http://wikis.hu-berlin.de/interlinear_glossing/, ed. by Daniel A. Werning, Berlin: Humboldt University Berlin (accessed ###DATE###).

MediaWiki:Citethispage-content

2017-08-06T13:44:56Z

Werningd: Erstmalig angepasst

__NOTOC__
<div class="mw-specialCiteThisPage-bibliographic">

== Bibliographic details for {{FULLPAGENAME}} ==

* Authors: {{SITENAME}} contributors
* Page name: {{FULLPAGENAME}}
* In collection: ''{{SITENAME}}, {{int:sitesubtitle}}''
* Editor: Daniel A. Werning
* Place: Berlin
* Publisher: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
* Date of last revision: {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} {{CURRENTTIME}} UTC
* Date retrieved: <citation>{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} {{CURRENTTIME}} UTC</citation>
* Permanent URL: {{canonicalurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}}
* Page Version ID: {{REVISIONID}}

</div>
<div class="plainlinks mw-specialCiteThisPage-styles">

== Citation styles for {{FULLPAGENAME}} ==

=== [[APA style]] ===
{{SITENAME}} contributors ({{CURRENTYEAR}}, {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTTIME}} UTC). {{FULLPAGENAME}}. In Daniel A. Werning (ed.), ''{{SITENAME}}''. Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Retrieved <citation>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}</citation> from {{canonicalurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}}.

=== [[The MLA style manual|MLA style]] ===
{{SITENAME}} contributors. “{{FULLPAGENAME}}.” ''{{SITENAME}}''. Daniel A. Werning. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, {{CURRENTTIME}} UTC. Web. <citation>{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}</citation> <{{canonicalurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}}>.

=== [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] ===
{{SITENAME}} contributors, “{{FULLPAGENAME}},” in ''{{SITENAME}}'', ed. Daniel A. Werning (Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, {{CURRENTTIME}} UTC), {{canonicalurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} (accessed <citation>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}</citation>).

=== [[BibTeX]] entry ===

@misc{wiki:xxx,
author = "{{SITENAME}} contributors",
title = "{{FULLPAGENAME}} --- {{SITENAME}}",
editor = "Daniel A. Werning",
publisher = "Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin",
address = "Berlin",
year = "{{CURRENTYEAR}}",
url = "{{canonicalurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}}",
howpublished = "Website",
note = "[Online; accessed <citation>{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}-{{CURRENTYEAR}}</citation>]"
}

</div>

Hittite:Glossing of common Hittite forms

2017-08-06T12:46:50Z

Werningd: Changed IMPF => IPFV (imperfective); INFII => INF2, INFI => INF1

== Grammatical Forms ==
=== Pronouns ===
==== Independent Personal Pronouns ====
First and second person.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ūk'' || ''ūk'' || 1SG.NOM || ''ūk'' || 1SG.NOM
|-
| ''ammuk'' || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.NOM || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.NOM
|-
| ''ammuk'' || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.ACC || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.ACC
|-
| ''ammel'' || ''ammel'' || 1SG:GEN || ''amm-el'' || 1SG-GEN
|-
| ''ammuk'' || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC || ''ammuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC
|-
| ''ammēdaz'' || ''ammēdaz'' || 1SG:ABL || ''amm-ēdaz'' || 1SG-ABL
|-
| ''wēš'' || ''wēš'' || 1PL.NOM || ''wēš'' || 1PL.NOM
|-
| ''anzāš'' || ''anzāš'' || 1PL:ACC || ''anz-āš'' || 1PL-ACC
|-
| ''anzel'' || ''anzel'' || 1PL:GEN || ''anz-el'' || 1PL-GEN
|-
| ''anzāš'' || ''anzāš'' || 1PL:DATLOC || ''anz-āš'' || 1PL-DATLOC
|-
| ''anzēdaš'' || ''anzēdaš'' || 1PL:ABL || ''anz-ēdaš'' || 1PL-ABL
|-
| ''zik'' || ''zik'' || 1SG.NOM || ''zik'' || 1SG.NOM
|-
| ''tuk'' || ''tuk'' || 1SG.ACC || ''tuk'' || 1SG.ACC
|-
| ''tuel'' || ''tuel'' || 1SG:GEN || ''tu-el'' || 1SG-GEN
|-
| ''tuk'' || ''tuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC || ''tuk'' || 1SG.DATLOC
|-
| ''tuēdaz'' || ''tuēdaz'' || 1SG:ABL || ''tu-ēdaz'' || 1SG-ABL
|-
| ''šumeš'' || ''šumeš'' || 1PL:NOM || ''šum-eš'' || 1PL-NOM
|-
| ''šumaš'' || ''šumaš'' || 1PL:ACC || ''šum-aš'' || 1PL-ACC
|-
| ''šumenzan'' || ''šumenzan'' || 1PL:GEN || ''šum-enzan'' || 1PL-GEN
|-
| ''šumel'' || ''šumel'' || 1PL:GEN || ''šum-el'' || 1PL-GEN
|-
| ''šumaš'' || ''šumaš'' || 1PL:DATLOC || ''šum-aš'' || 1PL-DATLOC
|-
| ''šumēdaz'' || ''šumēdaz'' || 1PL:ABL || ''šum-ēdaz'' || 1PL-ABL
|}

For these and other forms of the independent personal pronouns of the first and second person, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.8, p. 134. In Hittite the demonstrative pronoun ''apā- ''‘that, the aforementioned (one)’, for which see [[#Demonstrative Pronouns]] below, functions as the independent pronoun for the third person.

==== Enclitic Personal Pronouns ====
The enclitic personal pronouns can only occur in specific positions in the clause; in most cases they are attached to the first accented word of the clause. In addition, they can only occur in certain positions in relation to other clitics attached to the same word. See for these issues Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §§30.15-30.21, pp. 410-412.

First and second person.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=mu'' || ''=mu'' || =1SG.ACC || ''=mu'' || =1SG.ACC
|-
| ''=mu'' || ''=mu'' || =1SG.DAT || ''=mu'' || =1SG.DAT
|-
| ''=naš'' || ''=naš'' || =1PL.ACC || ''=naš'' || =1PL.ACC
|-
| ''=naš'' || ''=naš'' || =1PL.DAT || ''=naš'' || =1PL.DAT
|-
| ''=ta'' || ''=ta'' || =2SG.ACC || ''=ta'' || =2SG.ACC
|-
| ''=ta'' || ''=ta'' || =2SG.DAT || ''=ta'' || =2SG.DAT
|-
| ''=šmaš'' || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.ACC || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.ACC
|-
| ''=šmaš'' || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.DAT || ''=šmaš'' || =2PL.DAT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.12, p. 135.

Third person.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=aš'' || ''=aš'' || =3SG.NOM.C || ''=aš'' || =3SG.NOM.C
|-
| ''=an'' || ''=an'' || =3SG.ACC.C || ''=an'' || =3SG.ACC.C
|-
| ''=at'' || ''=at'' || =3SG.NOM/ACC.N || ''=at'' || =3SG.NOM/ACC.N
|-
| ''=ši'' || ''=ši'' || =3SG.DAT || ''=ši'' || =3SG.DAT
|-
| ''=e'' || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM.C || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM.C
|-
| ''=at'' || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM.C || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM.C
|-
| ''=uš'' || ''=uš'' || =3PL.ACC.C || ''=uš'' || =3PL.ACC.C
|-
| ''=aš'' || ''=aš'' || =3PL.ACC.C || ''=aš'' || =3PL.ACC.C
|-
| ''=e'' || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N || ''=e'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N
|-
| ''=at'' || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N || ''=at'' || =3PL.NOM/ACC.N
|-
| ''=šmaš'' || ''=šmaš'' || =3PL.DAT || ''=šmaš'' || =3PL.DAT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §5.12, p. 135.

==== Enclitic Possessive Pronouns ====
In Hittite enclitic possessive pronouns could be suffixed to a noun to express possession. In these instances both the noun and the enclitic possessive pronoun are declined and they agree in number, gender, and case. See Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §6.1 (p. 137), §6.5 (p. 139).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=miš'' || ''=miš'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=m-iš'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''=man'' || ''=man'' || =1SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=m-an'' || =1SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''=met'' || ''=met'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=m-et'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''=mi'' || ''=mi'' || =1SG.POSS:VOC.SG || ''=m-i'' || =1SG.POSS-VOC.SG
|-
| ''=maš'' || ''=maš'' || =1SG.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=m-aš'' || =1SG.POSS-GEN.SG
|-
| ''=mi'' || ''=mi'' || =1SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=m-i'' || =1SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''=ma'' || ''=ma'' || =1SG.POSS:ALL.SG || ''=m-a'' || =1SG.POSS-ALL.SG
|-
| ''=mit'' || ''=mit'' || =1SG.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=m-it'' || =1SG.POSS-ABL/INS
|-
| ''=miš'' || ''=miš'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=m-iš'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''=muš'' || ''=muš'' || =1SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=m-uš'' || =1SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''=met'' || ''=met'' || =1SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=m-et'' || =1SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''=man'' || ''=man'' || =1SG.POSS:GEN.PL || ''=m-an'' || =1SG.POSS-GEN.PL
|-
| ''=tiš'' || ''=tiš'' || =2SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=t-iš'' || =2SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''=tan'' || ''=tan'' || =2SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=t-an'' || =2SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''=tet'' || ''=tet'' || =2SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=t-et'' || =2SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''=taš'' || ''=taš'' || =2SG.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=t-aš'' || =2SG.POSS-GEN.SG
|-
| ''=ti'' || ''=ti'' || =2SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=t-i'' || =2SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''=ta'' || ''=ta'' || =2SG.POSS:ALL.SG || ''=t-a'' || =2SG.POSS-ALL.SG
|-
| ''=tit'' || ''=tit'' || =2SG.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=t-it'' || =2SG.POSS-ABL/INS
|-
| ''=tiš'' || ''=tiš'' || =2SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=t-iš'' || =2SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''=tuš'' || ''=tuš'' || =2SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=t-uš'' || =2SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''=taš'' || ''=taš'' || =2SG.POSS:DATLOC.PL || ''=t-aš'' || =2SG.POSS-DATLOC.PL
|-
| ''=šiš'' || ''=šiš'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=š-iš'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''=šan'' || ''=šan'' || =3SG.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=š-an'' || =3SG.POSS-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''=šet'' || ''=šet'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=š-et'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''=šaš'' || ''=šaš'' || =3SG.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=š-aš'' || =3SG.POSS-GEN.SG
|-
| ''=ši'' || ''=ši'' || =3SG.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=š-i'' || =3SG.POSS-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''=ša'' || ''=ša'' || =3SG.POSS:ALL.SG || ''=š-a'' || =3SG.POSS-ALL.SG
|-
| ''=šet'' || ''=šet'' || =3SG.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=š-et'' || =3SG.POSS-ABL/INS
|-
| ''=šiš'' || ''=šiš'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=š-iš'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''=šuš'' || ''=šuš'' || =3SG.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=š-uš'' || =3SG.POSS-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''=šet'' || ''=šet'' || =3SG.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=š-et'' || =3SG.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''=šaš'' || ''=šaš'' || =3SG.POSS:DATLOC.PL || ''=š-aš'' || =3SG.POSS-DATLOC.PL
|-
| ''=šummiš'' || ''=šummiš'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=šumm-iš'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''=šumman'' || ''=šumman'' || =1PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=šumm-an'' || =1PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''=šummet'' || ''=šummet'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=šumm-et'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''=šum[mi]'' || ''=šum[mi]'' || =1PL.POSS:VOC.SG || ''=šum[m-i]'' || =1PL.POSS-VOC.SG
|-
| ''=šummaš'' || ''=šummaš'' || =1PL.POSS:GEN.SG || ''=šumm-aš'' || =1PL.POSS-GEN.SG
|-
| ''=šummi'' || ''=šummi'' || =1PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=šumm-i'' || =1PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''=šummiš'' || ''=šummiš'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=šumm-iš'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''=šummuš'' || ''=šummuš'' || =1PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=šumm-uš'' || =1PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''=šumet'' || ''=šumet'' || =1PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=šum-et'' || =1PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''=šmiš'' || ''=šmiš'' || =2PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=šm-iš'' || =2PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''=šman'' || ''=šman'' || =2PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=šm-an'' || =2PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''=šmet'' || ''=šmet'' || =2PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=šm-et'' || =2PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''=šmi'' || ''=šmi'' || =2PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=šm-i'' || =2PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''=šmit'' || ''=šmit'' || =2PL.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=šm-it'' || =2PL.POSS-ABL/INS
|-
| ''=šmeš'' || ''=šmeš'' || =2PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=šm-eš'' || =2PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''=šmuš'' || ''=šmuš'' || =2PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=šm-uš'' || =2PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''=šmiš'' || ''=šmiš'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM.SG.C || ''=šm-iš'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''=šman'' || ''=šman'' || =3PL.POSS:ACC.SG.C || ''=šm-an'' || =3PL.POSS-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''=šmet'' || ''=šmet'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''=šm-et'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''=šmi'' || ''=šmi'' || =3PL.POSS:DATLOC.SG || ''=šm-i'' || =3PL.POSS-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''=šmit'' || ''=šmit'' || =3PL.POSS:ABL/INS || ''=šm-it'' || =3PL.POSS-ABL/INS
|-
| ''=šmeš'' || ''=šmeš'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM.PL.C || ''=šm-eš'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''=šmuš'' || ''=šmuš'' || =3PL.POSS:ACC.PL.C || ''=šm-uš'' || =3PL.POSS-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''=šmet'' || ''=šmet'' || =3PL.POSS:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''=šm-et'' || =3PL.POSS-NOM/ACC.PL.N
|}

See for these and variant forms, Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §6.4, pp. 138f.

==== Demonstrative Pronouns ====
Proximal demonstrative pronoun ''kā- ''‘this’.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''kāš'' || ''kāš'' || this.DEM:NOM.SG.C || ''kā-š'' || this.DEM-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''kūn'' || ''kūn'' || this.DEM:ACC.SG.C || ''kū-n'' || this.DEM-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''kī'' || ''kī'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kī'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''kēl'' || ''kēl'' || this.DEM:GEN.SG || ''k-ēl'' || this.DEM-GEN.SG
|-
| ''kēdani'' || ''kēdani'' || this.DEM:DATLOC.SG || ''k-ēdani'' || this.DEM-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''kez'' || ''kez'' || this.DEM:ABL || ''ke-z'' || this.DEM-ABL
|-
| ''kēdanda'' || ''kēdanda'' || this.DEM:INS || ''k-ēdanda'' || this.DEM-INS
|-
| ''kēt'' || ''kēt'' || this.DEM:INS || ''k-ēt'' || this.DEM-INS
|-
| ''kē'' || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM.PL.C || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''kūš'' || ''kūš'' || this.DEM:ACC.PL.C || ''k-ūš'' || this.DEM-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''kē'' || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''kē'' || this.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''kinzan'' || ''kinzan'' || this.DEM:GEN.PL || ''k-inzan'' || this.DEM-GEN.PL
|-
| ''kēdaš'' || ''kēdaš'' || this.DEM:DATLOC.PL || ''k-ēdaš'' || this.DEM-DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.3, p. 143.

Medial demonstrative pronoun ''apā- ''‘that’.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''apāš'' || ''apāš'' || that.DEM:NOM.SG.C || ''apā-š'' || that.DEM-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''apūn'' || ''apūn'' || that.DEM:ACC.SG.C || ''apū-n'' || that.DEM-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''apāt'' || ''apāt'' || that.DEM:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''apā-t'' || that.DEM-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''apēl'' || ''apēl'' || that.DEM:GEN.SG || ''ap-ēl'' || that.DEM-GEN.SG
|-
| ''apedani'' || ''apedani'' || that.DEM:DATLOC.SG || ''ap-edani'' || that.DEM-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''apēz'' || ''apēz'' || that.DEM:ABL || ''apē-z'' || that.DEM-ABL
|-
| ''apedanda'' || ''apedanda'' || that.DEM:INS || ''ap-edanda'' || that.DEM-INS
|-
| ''apēt'' || ''apēt'' || that.DEM:INS || ''ap-ēt'' || that.DEM-INS
|-
| ''apē'' || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM.PL.C || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''apūš'' || ''apūš'' || that.DEM:ACC.PL.C || ''ap-ūš'' || that.DEM-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''apē'' || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''apē'' || that.DEM.NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''apenzan'' || ''apenzan'' || that.DEM:GEN.PL || ''ap-enzan'' || that.DEM-GEN.PL
|-
| ''apēdaš'' || ''apēdaš'' || that.DEM:DATLOC.PL || ''ap-ēdaš'' || that.DEM-DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.3, p. 143.

Demonstrative pronoun ''aši, uni, ini''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''aši'' || ''aši'' || DEM.NOM.SG.C || ''aši'' || DEM.NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''uni'' || ''uni'' || DEM.ACC.SG.C || ''uni'' || DEM.ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''ini'' || ''ini'' || DEM.NOM/ACC.N || ''ini'' || DEM.NOM/ACC.N
|-
| ''edani'' || ''edani'' || DEM.DATLOC || ''edani'' || DEM.DATLOC
|-
| ''edezza'' || ''edezza'' || DEM.ABL || ''edezza'' || DEM.ABL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §7.11, p. 145.

==== Interrogative and Relative Pronoun ====
In Hittite ''kui-'' ‘who, which’ functions both as interrogative pronoun and as relative pronoun.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''kuiš'' || ''kuiš'' || who:NOM.SG.C || ''kui-š'' || who-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''kuin'' || ''kuin'' || who:ACC.SG.C || ''kui-n'' || who-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''kuit'' || ''kuit'' || who:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kui-t'' || who-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''kuēl'' || ''kuēl'' || who:GEN.SG || ''ku-ēl'' || who-GEN.SG
|-
| ''kuedani'' || ''kuedani'' || who:DATLOC.SG || ''ku-edani'' || who-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''kuēz'' || ''kuēz'' || who:ABL || ''kuē-z'' || who-ABL
|-
| ''kuiēš'' || ''kuiēš'' || who:NOM.PL.C || ''kui-ēš'' || who-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''kuiuš'' || ''kuiuš'' || who:ACC.PL.C || ''kui-uš'' || who-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''kue'' || ''kue'' || who.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''kue'' || who.NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''kuedaš'' || ''kuedaš'' || who:DATLOC.PL || ''ku-edaš'' || who-DATLOC.PL
|}

==== Indefinite Pronoun ====
The indefinite pronoun ''kuiški ''‘some(one), any(one)’ is based on the inflected ''kui-'' (see [[#Interrogative and Relative Pronoun]] above) to which a particle ''-kki/-kka ''is suffixed.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''kuiški'' || ''kuiški'' || someone:NOM.SG.C || ''kui-š-ki'' || someone-NOM.SG.C-PTCL
|-
| ''kuinki'' || ''kuinki'' || someone:ACC.SG.C || ''kui-n-ki'' || someone-ACC.SG.C-PTCL
|-
| ''kuitki'' || ''kuitki'' || someone:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kui-t-ki'' || someone-NOM/ACC.SG.N-PTCL
|-
| ''kuēlka'' || ''kuēlka'' || someone:GEN.SG || ''ku-ēl-ka'' || someone-GEN.SG-PTCL
|-
| ''kuedanikki'' || ''kuedanikki'' || someone:DATLOC.SG || ''ku-edani-kki'' || someone-DATLOC.SG-PTCL
|-
| ''kuezka'' || ''kuezka'' || someone:ABL/INS || ''kue-z-ka'' || someone-ABL/INS-PTCL
|-
| ''kuiēška'' || ''kuiēška'' || someone:NOM.PL.C || ''kui-ēš-ka'' || someone-NOM.PL.C-PTCL
|-
| ''kuiušga'' || ''kuiušga'' || someone:ACC.PL.C || ''kui-uš-ga'' || someone-ACC.PL.C-PTCL
|-
| ''kuēkka'' || ''kuēkka'' || someone.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''kuē-kka'' || someone.NOM/ACC.PL.N-PTCL
|-
| ''kuedaška'' || ''kuedaška'' || someone:DATLOC.PL || ''ku-edaš-ka'' || someone-DATLOC.PL-PTCL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.3, p. 150.

==== Distributive Pronoun ====
The distributive pronoun ''kuišša ''‘each, every’ is based on the inflected ''kui-'' (see [[#Interrogative and Relative Pronoun]] above) to which the conjunction -''a/-ya ''‘also, and’ is suffixed.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''kuišša'' || ''kuišša'' || each:NOM.SG.C || ''kui-šš-a'' || each-NOM.SG.C-CNJ
|-
| ''kuinna'' || ''kuinna'' || each:ACC.SG.C || ''kui-nn-a'' || each-ACC.SG.C-CNJ
|-
| ''kuitta'' || ''kuitta'' || each:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''kui-tt-a'' || each-NOM/ACC.SG.N-CNJ
|-
| ''kuella'' || ''kuella'' || each:GEN.SG || ''ku-ell-a'' || each-GEN.SG-CNJ
|-
| ''kuedaniya'' || ''kuedaniya'' || each:DATLOC.SG || ''ku-edani-ya'' || each-DATLOC.SG-CNJ
|-
| ''kuezziya'' || ''kuezziya'' || each:ABL/INS || ''kue-zz-iya'' || each-ABL/INS-CNJ
|-
| ''kuiušša'' || ''kuiušša'' || each:ACC.PL.C || ''kui-ušš-a'' || each-ACC.PL.C-CNJ
|-
| ''kuedašša'' || ''kuedašša'' || each:DATLOC.PL || ''ku-edašš-a'' || each-DATLOC.PL-CNJ
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.3, p. 150.

==== Adjective with Pronominal Inflection: ''tamai- ''‘other’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tamaiš'' || ''tamaiš'' || other:NOM.SG.C || ''tamai-š'' || other-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''tamain'' || ''tamain'' || other:ACC.SG.C || ''tamai-n'' || other-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''tamai'' || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''damēl'' || ''damēl'' || other:GEN.SG || ''dam-ēl'' || other-GEN.SG
|-
| ''damedani'' || ''damedani'' || other:DATLOC.SG || ''dam-edani'' || other-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''tamatta'' || ''tamatta'' || other:ALL.SG || ''tama-tta'' || other-ALL.SG
|-
| ''tamedaz'' || ''tamedaz'' || other:ABL || ''tam-edaz'' || other-ABL
|-
| ''tamaēš'' || ''tamaēš'' || other:NOM.PL.C || ''tama-ēš'' || other-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''tamāuš'' || ''tamāuš'' || other:ACC.PL.C || ''tamā-uš'' || other-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''tamai'' || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''tamai'' || other.NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''damedaš'' || ''damedaš'' || other:DATLOC/PL || ''dam-edaš'' || other-DATLOC/PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §8.10, p. 152.

=== Nouns and Adjectives ===
Hittite shows many different nominal stems. Below, the noun and adjective declensions of the a-stem and the i-stem, as well as a selection of other stems are presented. Hoffner & Melchert (2008: chapter 4) present the paradigms of all nominal stems. See for the basic scheme of noun and adjective endings in Hittite Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §3.14, pp. 69f.

==== a-Stem ====
===== Common Gender a-Stem Nouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man:C.NOM.SG || ''antuḫša-š'' || man-C.NOM.SG
|-
| ''antuḫšan'' || ''antuḫšan'' || man:C.ACC.SG || ''antuḫša-n'' || man-C.ACC.SG
|-
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man.C:GEN.SG || ''antuḫš-aš'' || man.C-GEN.SG
|-
| ''antuḫši'' || ''antuḫši'' || man.C:DATLOC.SG || ''antuḫš-i'' || man.C-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''antuḫšaz'' || ''antuḫšaz'' || man.C:ABL || ''antuḫš-az'' || man.C-ABL
|-
| ''antuḫšet'' || ''antuḫšet'' || man.C:INS || ''antuḫš-et'' || man.C-INS
|-
| ''antuḫšeš'' || ''antuḫšeš'' || man:C.NOM.PL || ''antuḫš-eš'' || man-C.NOM.PL
|-
| ''antuḫšuš'' || ''antuḫšuš'' || man:C.ACC.PL || ''antuḫš-uš'' || man-C.ACC.PL
|-
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man.C:GEN.PL || ''antuḫš-aš'' || man.C-GEN.PL
|-
| ''antuḫšaš'' || ''antuḫšaš'' || man.C:DATLOC.PL || ''antuḫš-aš'' || man.C-DATLOC.PL
|}

For these and other forms of ''antuwaḫḫa-/antuḫša- ''‘man, human being, person’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, pp.79f. and Kloekhorst 2008: 188f.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''attaš'' || ''attaš'' || father:C.NOM.SG || ''atta-š'' || father-C.NOM.SG
|-
| ''attan'' || ''attan'' || father:C.ACC.SG || ''atta-n'' || father-C.ACC.SG
|-
| ''atta'' || ''atta'' || father.C.VOC.SG || ''atta'' || father.C.VOC.SG
|-
| ''attaš'' || ''attaš'' || father.C:GEN.SG || ''att-aš'' || father.C-GEN.SG
|-
| ''atti'' || ''atti'' || father.C:DATLOC.SG || ''att-i'' || father.C-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''attaz'' || ''attaz'' || father.C:ABL || ''att-az'' || father.C-ABL
|-
| ''attiēš'' || ''attiēš'' || father:C.NOM.PL || ''att-iēš'' || father-C.NOM.PL
|-
| ''attuš'' || ''attuš'' || father:C.ACC.PL || ''att-uš'' || father-C.ACC.PL
|-
| ''addaš'' || ''addaš'' || father.C:GEN.PL || ''add-aš'' || father.C-GEN.PL
|-
| ''addaš'' || ''addaš'' || father.C:DATLOC.PL || ''add-aš'' || father.C-DATLOC.PL
|}

For these and other forms of ''atta- ''‘father’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, pp.79f. and Kloekhorst 2008: 225.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''arunaš'' || ''arunaš'' || sea:C.NOM.SG || ''aruna-š'' || sea-C.NOM.SG
|-
| ''arunan'' || ''arunan'' || sea:C.ACC.SG || ''aruna-n'' || sea-C.ACC.SG
|-
| ''arunaš'' || ''arunaš'' || sea.C:GEN.SG || ''arun-aš'' || sea.C-GEN.SG
|-
| ''aruni'' || ''aruni'' || sea.C:DATLOC.SG || ''arun-i'' || sea.C-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''aruna'' || ''aruna'' || sea.C:ALL.SG || ''arun-a'' || sea.C-ALL.SG
|-
| ''arunaz'' || ''arunaz'' || sea.C:ABL || ''arun-az'' || sea.C-ABL
|-
| ''arunuš'' || ''arunuš'' || sea:C.ACC.PL || ''arun-uš'' || sea-C.ACC.PL
|-
| ''arunaš'' || ''arunaš'' || sea.C:GEN.PL || ''arun-aš'' || sea.C-GEN.PL
|}

For these and other forms of ''aruna- ''‘sea’, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, p.81 and Kloekhorst 2008: 212.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''lālaš'' || ''lālaš'' || tongue:C.NOM.SG || ''lāla-š'' || tongue-C.NOM.SG
|-
| ''lālan'' || ''lālan'' || tongue:C.ACC.SG || ''lāla-n'' || tongue-C.ACC.SG
|-
| ''lāli'' || ''lāli'' || tongue.C:VOC.SG || ''lāl-i'' || tongue.C-VOC.SG
|-
| ''lālaš'' || ''lālaš'' || tongue.C:GEN.SG || ''lāl-aš'' || tongue.C-GEN.SG
|-
| ''lāli'' || ''lāli'' || tongue.C:DATLOC.SG || ''lāl-i'' || tongue.C-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''lālaza'' || ''lālaza'' || tongue.C:ABL || ''lāl-aza'' || tongue.C-ABL
|-
| ''lālit'' || ''lālit'' || tongue.C:INS || ''lāl-it'' || tongue.C-INS
|-
| ''lāleš'' || ''lāleš'' || tongue:C.NOM.PL || ''lāl-eš'' || tongue-C.NOM.PL
|-
| ''lāluš'' || ''lāluš'' || tongue:C.ACC.PL || ''lāl-uš'' || tongue-C.ACC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.2, p. 81.

===== Neuter a-Stem Nouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''pēdan'' || ''pēdan'' || place:N.NOM/ACC.SG || ''pēda-n'' || place-N.NOM/ACC.SG
|-
| ''pēdaš'' || ''pēdaš'' || place.N:GEN.SG || ''pēd-aš'' || place.N-GEN.SG
|-
| ''pēdi'' || ''pēdi'' || place.N:DATLOC.SG || ''pēd-i'' || place.N-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''pēdaz'' || ''pēdaz'' || place.N:ABL || ''pēd-az'' || place.N-ABL
|-
| ''peda'' || ''peda'' || place.N.NOM/ACC.N || ''peda'' || place.N.NOM/ACC.N
|-
| ''pēdaš'' || ''pēdaš'' || place.N:GEN.PL || ''pēd-aš'' || place.N-GEN.PL
|-
| ''pēdaš'' || ''pēdaš'' || place.N:DATLOC.PL || ''pēd-aš'' || place.N-DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.6, p. 82 and Kloekhorst 2008: 672.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''yugan'' || ''yugan'' || yoke:N.NOM/ACC.SG || ''yuga-n'' || yoke-N.NOM/ACC.SG
|-
| ''yugaš'' || ''yugaš'' || yoke.N:GEN.SG || ''yug-aš'' || yoke.N-GEN.SG
|-
| ''yuki'' || ''yuki'' || yoke.N:DATLOC.PL || ''yuk-i'' || yoke.N-DATLOC.PL
|-
| ''yukit'' || ''yukit'' || yoke.N:INS || ''yuk-it'' || yoke.N-INS
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.6, p. 82 and Kloekhorst: 2008: 423.

===== a-Stem Adjectives =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:NOM.SG.C || ''alwanzena-š'' || bewitching.ADJ-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''alwanzenan'' || ''alwanzenan'' || bewitching.ADJ:ACC.SG.C || ''alwanzena-n'' || bewitching.ADJ-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''alwanzenan'' || ''alwanzenan'' || bewitching.ADJ:NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''alwanzena-n'' || bewitching.ADJ-NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:GEN.SG || ''alwanzen-aš'' || bewitching.ADJ-GEN.SG
|-
| ''alwanzeni'' || ''alwanzeni'' || bewitching.ADJ:DATLOC.SG || ''alwanzen-i'' || bewitching.ADJ-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''alwanzena'' || ''alwanzena'' || bewitching.ADJ:ALL.SG || ''alwanzen-a'' || bewitching.ADJ-ALL.SG
|-
| ''alwanzenaz'' || ''alwanzenaz'' || bewitching.ADJ:ABL || ''alwanzena-z'' || bewitching.ADJ-ABL
|-
| ''alwanzenit'' || ''alwanzenit'' || bewitching.ADJ:INS || ''alwanzen-it'' || bewitching.ADJ-INS
|-
| ''alwaneneš'' || ''alwaneneš'' || bewitching.ADJ:NOM.PL.C || ''alwanen-eš'' || bewitching.ADJ-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''alwanzenuš'' || ''alwanzenuš'' || bewitching.ADJ:ACC.PL.C || ''alwanzen-uš'' || bewitching.ADJ-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''alwanzena'' || ''alwanzena'' || bewitching.ADJ.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''alwanzena'' || bewitching.ADJ.NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:GEN.PL || ''alwanzen-aš'' || bewitching.ADJ-GEN.PL
|-
| ''alwanzenaš'' || ''alwanzenaš'' || bewitching.ADJ:DATLOC.PL || ''alwanzen-aš'' || bewitching.ADJ-DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.10, p. 84.

==== i-Stem ====
===== Common Gender i-Stem Nouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ḫalkiš'' || ''ḫalkiš'' || grain:C.NOM.SG || ''ḫalki-š'' || grain-C.NOM.SG
|-
| ''ḫalkin'' || ''ḫalkin'' || grain:C.ACC.SG || ''ḫalki-n'' || grain-C.ACC.SG
|-
| ''ḫalkiaš'' || ''ḫalkiaš'' || grain.C:GEN.SG || ''ḫalki-aš'' || grain.C-GEN.SG
|-
| ''ḫalki'' || ''ḫalki'' || grain.C:DATLOC.SG || ''ḫalk-i'' || grain.C-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''ḫalkiyaza'' || ''ḫalkiyaza'' || grain.C:ABL || ''ḫalkiy-aza'' || grain.C-ABL
|-
| ''ḫalkit'' || ''ḫalkit'' || grain.C:INS || ''ḫalk-it'' || grain.C-INS
|-
| ''ḫalkiēš'' || ''ḫalkiēš'' || grain:C.NOM.PL || ''ḫalki-ēš'' || grain-C.NOM.PL
|-
| ''ḫalkiuš'' || ''ḫalkiuš'' || grain:C.ACC.PL || ''ḫalki-uš'' || grain-C.ACC.PL
|-
| ''ḫalkiaš'' || ''ḫalkiaš'' || grain.C:GEN.PL || ''ḫalki-aš'' || grain.C-GEN.PL
|-
| ''ḫalkiaš'' || ''ḫalkiaš'' || grain.C:DATLOC.PL || ''ḫalki-aš'' || grain.C-DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.23, p. 88.

===== Neuter i-Stem Nouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tuppi'' || ''tuppi'' || clay_tablet.N.NOM/ACC.SG || ''tuppi'' || clay_tablet.N.NOM/ACC.SG
|-
| ''tuppianza'' || ''tuppianza'' || clay_tablet.N:ANIM:C.NOM.SG || ''tuppi-an-za'' || clay_tablet.N-ANIM-C.NOM.SG
|-
| ''tuppiaš'' || ''tuppiaš'' || clay_tablet.N:GEN.SG || ''tuppi-aš'' || clay_tablet.N-GEN.SG
|-
| ''tuppi'' || ''tuppi'' || clay_tablet.N:DATLOC.SG || ''tupp-i'' || clay_tablet.N-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''tuppiaz'' || ''tuppiaz'' || clay_tablet.N:ABL || ''tuppi-az'' || clay_tablet.N-ABL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.24, p. 90.
One often finds the form ''tuppianza ''referred to as an ergative (ERG) (e.g. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §3.8, §3.21), which is somewhat misleading. The ending ''-anza ''is not an actual case ending. In fact, Hittite does not have an ergative case at all, even though one often finds the term in the literature. In Hittite, a neuter noun cannot function as the subject of a transitive verb. In case it was necessary that a neuter noun functioned as the subject of a transitive verb, the noun was “animatized” by attaching the suffix ''-ant-'' to the stem of the noun. This suffix transforms the gender of the noun from neuter into common gender. Additionally, the common gender nominative case ending is attached (Kloekhorst 2008:184f.). Thus, ''tuppianza'' it is an “animatized” form of the neuter ''tuppi- ''‘clay tablet’ and contains both the suffix ''-ant- ''and the case ending of the common gender nominative singular ''-š''. The gloss suggested above uses ANIM for the “animatizing” suffix -''ant-''.

===== i-Stem Adjectives =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''karūiliš'' || ''karūiliš'' || old.ADJ:NOM.SG.C || ''karūili-š'' || old.ADJ:NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''karūilin'' || ''karūilin'' || old.ADJ:ACC.SG.C || ''karūili-n'' || old.ADJ:ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''karūili'' || ''karūili'' || old.ADJ.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''karūili'' || old.ADJ.NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''karūiliyaš'' || ''karūiliyaš'' || old.ADJ:GEN.SG || ''karūiliy-aš'' || old.ADJ:GEN.SG
|-
| ''karūili'' || ''karūili'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.SG || ''karūil-i'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''karūiliyaz'' || ''karūiliyaz'' || old.ADJ:ABL || ''karūiliy-az'' || old.ADJ:ABL
|-
| ''karūi[li]t'' || ''karūilit'' || old.ADJ:INS || ''karūil-it'' || old.ADJ:INS
|-
| ''karūilieš'' || ''karūilieš'' || old.ADJ:NOM.PL.C || ''karūili-eš'' || old.ADJ:NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''karūiliuš'' || ''karūiliuš'' || old.ADJ:ACC.PL.C || ''karūili-uš'' || old.ADJ:ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''karūila'' || ''karūila'' || old.ADJ:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''karūil-a'' || old.ADJ:NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''karūiliyaš'' || ''karūiliyaš'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.PL || ''karūiliy-aš'' || old.ADJ:DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.38, p.96.

==== Selected Stems ====
===== ul-Stem =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''waštul'' || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''waštulaš'' || ''waštulaš'' || offense.N:GEN.SG || ''waštul-aš'' || offense.N-GEN.SG
|-
| ''wašduli'' || ''wašduli'' || offense.N:DATLOC.SG || ''wašdul-i'' || offense.N-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''waštullaz'' || ''waštullaz'' || offense.N:ABL || ''waštull-az'' || offense.N-ABL
|-
| ''wašdulit'' || ''wašdulit'' || offense.N:INS || ''wašdul-it'' || offense.N-INS
|-
| ''waštul'' || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''waštul'' || offense.NOM/ACC.PL.N
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.66, p. 108.

===== Neuter n-Stem Noun with Ablaut =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tēkan'' || ''tēkan'' || earth.NOM/ACCC.SG.N || ''tēkan'' || earth.NOM/ACCC.SG.N
|-
| ''taknaš'' || ''taknaš'' || earth.N:GEN.SG || ''takn-aš'' || earth.N-GEN.SG
|-
| ''taknī'' || ''taknī'' || earth.N:DATLOC.SG || ''takn-ī'' || earth.N-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''taknā'' || ''taknā'' || earth.N:ALL || ''takn-ā'' || earth.N-ALL
|-
| ''taknāz'' || ''taknāz'' || earth.N:ABL || ''takn-āz'' || earth.N-ABL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §471, p. 110.

===== r/n-Stem =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''uttar'' || ''uttar'' || word.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''uttar'' || word.NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''uddananza'' || ''uddananza'' || word.N:ANIM:NOM.SG.C || ''uddan-an-za'' || word.N-ANIM-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''uddanaš'' || ''uddanaš'' || word.N:GEN.SG || ''uddan-aš'' || word.N-GEN.SG
|-
| ''uddani'' || ''uddani'' || word.N:DATLOC.SG || ''uddan-i'' || word.N-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''uddanaz'' || ''uddanaz'' || word.N:ABL || ''uddan-az'' || word.N-ABL
|-
| ''uddanit'' || ''uddanit'' || word.N:INS || ''uddan-it'' || word.N-INS
|-
| ''uttār'' || ''uttār'' || word.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''uttār'' || word.NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''uttanānteš'' || ''uttanānteš'' || word.N:ANIM:NOM.PL.C || ''uttan-ānt-eš'' || word.N-ANIM-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''uddanaš'' || ''uddanaš'' || word.N:GEN.PL || ''uddan-aš'' || word.N-GEN.PL
|-
| ''uddanāš'' || ''uddanāš'' || word.N:DATLOC.PL || ''uddan-āš'' || word.N-DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.101, pp. 124f.

===== nt-Stem Adjective =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ḫūmanza'' || ''ḫūmanza'' || all:NOM.SG.C || ''ḫūman-za'' || all-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''ḫūmandan'' || ''ḫūmandan'' || all:ACC.SG.C || ''ḫūmand-an'' || all-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''ḫūman'' || ''ḫūman'' || all.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''ḫūman'' || all.NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''ḫūmandaš'' || ''ḫūmandaš'' || all:GEN.SG || ''ḫūmand-aš'' || all-GEN.SG
|-
| ''ḫūmanti'' || ''ḫūmanti'' || all:DATLOC.SG || ''ḫūmant-i'' || all-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''ḫūmandaz'' || ''ḫūmandaz'' || all:ABL || ''ḫūmand-az'' || all-ABL
|-
| ''ḫūmantit'' || ''ḫūmantit'' || all:INS || ''ḫūmant-it'' || all-INS
|-
| ''ḫūmanteš'' || ''ḫūmanteš'' || all:NOM.PL.C || ''ḫūmant-eš'' || all-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''ḫūmanduš'' || ''ḫūmanduš'' || all:ACC.PL.C || ''ḫūmand-uš'' || all-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''ḫūmanta'' || ''ḫūmanta'' || all:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''ḫūmant-a'' || all-NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''ḫūmandaš'' || ''ḫūmandaš'' || all:GEN.PL || ''ḫūmand-aš'' || all-GEN.PL
|-
| ''ḫūmandaš'' || ''ḫūmandaš'' || all:DATLOC.PL || ''ḫūmand-aš'' || all-DATLOC.PL
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §4.98, p. 123.

=== Verbs ===
==== Finite Forms ====
===== ''mi-''Verbs Present Indicative Active =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''walḫmi'' || ''walḫmi'' || strike:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-mi'' || strike-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫši'' || ''walḫši'' || strike:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ši'' || strike-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫzi'' || ''walḫzi'' || strike:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-zi'' || strike-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫueni'' || ''walḫueni'' || strike:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ueni'' || strike-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫteni'' || ''walḫteni'' || strike:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-teni'' || strike-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫanzi'' || ''walḫanzi'' || strike:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-anzi'' || strike-3PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.8, pp. 191f.

===== ''mi-''Verbs Preterite Indicative Active =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''walḫun'' || ''walḫun'' || strike:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-un'' || strike-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫta'' || ''walḫta'' || strike:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ta'' || strike-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫta'' || ''walḫta'' || strike:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ta'' || strike-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫuen'' || ''walḫuen'' || strike:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-uen'' || strike-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫten'' || ''walḫten'' || strike:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-ten'' || strike-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''walḫer'' || ''walḫer'' || strike:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''walḫ-er'' || strike-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.8, p. 192.

===== ''mi-''Verbs Imperative Active =====
The gloss IMP ‘imperative’ for forms of the first person follows Hittitological convention. One may also gloss these first person forms according to their function in the sentence as voluntative (VOL), cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §23.4, p. 313.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ašallu'' || ''ašallu'' || be:1SG.IMP.ACT || ''aš-allu'' || be:1SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''ēš'' || ''ēš'' || be:2SG.IMP.ACT || ''ēš'' || be.2SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''ēšdu'' || ''ēšdu'' || be:3SG.IMP.ACT || ''ēš-du'' || be:3SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''ēšten'' || ''ēšten'' || be:2PL.IMP.ACT || ''ēš-ten'' || be:2PL.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''ašandu'' || ''ašandu'' || be:3PL.IMP.ACT || ''aš-andu'' || be:3PL.IMP.ACT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.3. p. 189 and Kloekhorst 2008: 250.

===== ''ḫi-''Verbs Present Indicative Active =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''šākḫi'' || ''šākḫi'' || know:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šāk-ḫi'' || know-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šakti'' || ''šakti'' || know:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šak-ti'' || know-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šakki'' || ''šakki'' || know:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šakk-i'' || know-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šekkueni'' || ''šekkueni'' || know:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šekk-ueni'' || know-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šakteni'' || ''šakteni'' || know:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šak-teni'' || know-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šakanzi'' || ''šakanzi'' || know:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''šak-anzi'' || know:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 214.

===== ''ḫi-''Verbs Preterite Indicative Active =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''šaggaḫḫun'' || ''šaggaḫḫun'' || know:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šagg-aḫḫun'' || know-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šākta'' || ''šākta'' || know:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šāk-ta'' || know-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šakkiš'' || ''šakkiš'' || know:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šakki-š'' || know-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šekkuen'' || ''šekkuen'' || know:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šekk-uen'' || know-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''ākten'' || ''ākten'' || die:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''āk-ten'' || die-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''šekker'' || ''šekker'' || know:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''šekk-er'' || know-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 215.

===== ''ḫi-''Verbs Imperative Active =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''šeggallu'' || ''šeggallu'' || know:1SG.IMP.ACT || ''šegg-allu'' || know-1SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''šāk'' || ''šāk'' || know.2SG.IMP.ACT || ''šāk'' || know-2SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''šakdu'' || ''šakdu'' || know:3SG.IMP.ACT || ''šak-du'' || know-3SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''šekten'' || ''šekten'' || know:2PL.IMP.ACT || ''šek-ten'' || know-2PL.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''šekkandu'' || ''šekkandu'' || know:3PL.IMP.ACT || ''šekk-andu'' || know-3PL.IMP.ACT
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §13.1, p. 216.

===== Present Indicative Medio-Passive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''paḫḫašḫa'' || ''paḫḫašḫa'' || protect:1SG.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫaš-ḫa'' || protect-1SG.PRS.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''paḫḫašta'' || ''paḫḫašta'' || protect:2SG.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫaš-ta'' || protect-2SG.PRS.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''paḫḫšari'' || ''paḫḫšari'' || protect:3SG.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫš-ari'' || protect-3SG.PRS.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''paḫšuwašta'' || ''paḫšuwašta'' || protect:1PL.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫš-uwašta'' || protect-1PL.PRS.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''paḫḫašduma'' || ''paḫḫašduma'' || protect:2PL.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫaš-duma'' || protect-2PL.PRS.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''paḫḫaššantari'' || ''paḫḫaššantari'' || protect:3PL.PRS.IND.MEDP || ''paḫḫašš-antari'' || protect-3PL.PRS.IND.MEDP
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 230.

===== Preterite Indicative Medio-Passive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''arḫati'' || ''arḫati'' || stand:1SG.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-ḫati'' || stand-1SG.PRT.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''artati'' || ''artati'' || stand:2SG.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-tati'' || stand-2SG.PRT.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''artat'' || ''artat'' || stand:3SG.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-tat'' || stand-3SG.PRT.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''arwaštat'' || ''arwaštat'' || stand:1PL.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-waštat'' || stand-1PL.PRT.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''kišdummat'' || ''kišdummat'' || become:2PL.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''kiš-dummat'' || become-2PL.PRT.IND.MEDP
|-
| ''arantat'' || ''arantat'' || stand:3PL.PRT.IND.MEDP || ''ar-antat'' || stand-3PL.PRT.IND.MEDP
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 231.

===== Imperative Medio-Passive =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''arḫaḫaru'' || ''arḫaḫaru'' || stand:1SG.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-ḫaḫaru'' || stand-1SG.IMP.MEDP
|-
| ''arḫut'' || ''arḫut'' || stand:2SG.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-ḫut'' || stand-2SG.IMP.MEDP
|-
| ''artaru'' || ''artaru'' || stand:3SG.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-taru'' || stand-3SG.IMP.MEDP
|-
| ''ardumat'' || ''ardumat'' || stand:2PL.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-dumat'' || stand-2PL.IMP.MEDP
|-
| ''arantaru'' || ''arantaru'' || stand:3PL.IMP.MEDP || ''ar-antaru'' || stand-3PL.IMP.MEDP
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §14.2, p. 231.

===== Imperfective ''-ške- ''=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''memiškimi'' || ''memiškimi'' || speak:IPFV:1SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-mi'' || speak-IPFV-1SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškiši'' || ''memiškiši'' || speak:IPFV:2SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-ši'' || speak-IPFV-2SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškizzi'' || ''memiškizzi'' || speak:IPFV:3SG.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-zzi'' || speak-IPFV-3SG.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškiuwani'' || ''memiškiuwani'' || speak:IPFV:1PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-uwani'' || speak-IPFV-1PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškiteni'' || ''memiškiteni'' || speak:IPFV:2PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-teni'' || speak-IPFV-2PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškanzi'' || ''memiškanzi'' || speak:IPFV:3PL.PRS.IND.ACT || ''memi-šk-anzi'' || speak-IPFV-3PL.PRS.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškinun'' || ''memiškinun'' || speak:IPFV:1SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-nun'' || speak-IPFV-1SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškeš'' || ''memiškeš'' || speak:IPFV:2SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-ške-š'' || speak-IPFV-2SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškit'' || ''memiškit'' || speak:IPFV:3SG.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-ški-t'' || speak-IPFV-3SG.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''akkuškewani'' || ''akkuškewani'' || die:IPFV:1PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''akku-ške-wani'' || die-IPFV-1PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memeškatten'' || ''memeškatten'' || speak:IPFV:2PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''meme-ška-tten'' || speak-IPFV-2PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiškir'' || ''memiškir'' || speak:IPFV:3PL.PRT.IND.ACT || ''memi-šk-ir'' || speak-IPFV-3PL.PRT.IND.ACT
|-
| ''memiški'' || ''memiški'' || speak:IPFV.2SG.IMP.ACT || ''memi-ški'' || speak-IPFV.2SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''memiškiddu'' || ''memiškiddu'' || speak:IPFV:3SG.IMP.ACT || ''memi-ški-ddu'' || speak-IPFV-3SG.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''memiškitten'' || ''memiškitten'' || speak:IPFV:2PL.IMP.ACT || ''memi-ški-tten'' || speak-IPFV-2PL.IMP.ACT
|-
| ''memiškandu'' || ''memiškandu'' || speak:IPFV:3PL.IMP.ACT || ''memi-šk-andu'' || speak-IPFV-3PL.IMP.ACT
|}

Cf. ''CHD'' L-M: p. 255 and Hoffner & Melchert 2008: §12.33, p. 205.
==== Non-Finite Forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''eppuwanzi'' || ''eppuwanzi'' || take:INF1 || ''epp-uwanzi'' || take-INF1
|-
| ''appanna'' || ''appanna'' || take:INF2 || ''app-anna'' || take-INF2
|-
| ''walḫuwanzi'' || ''walḫuwanzi'' || strike:INF1 || ''walḫ-uwanzi'' || strike-INF1
|-
| ''walḫuwan'' || ''walḫuwan'' || strike:SUP || ''walḫ-uwan'' || strike-SUP
|-
| ''memiškiuwan'' || ''memiškiuwan'' || speak:IPFV:SUP || ''memi-ški-uwan'' || speak-IPFV-SUP
|}

===== Participle =====
The participle is formed by suffixing the morpheme ''-ant ''to the stem of the verb and a case ending. The participle is conjugated according to the paradigm of ''nt-''stem adjectives, for which see [[#nt-Stem Adjective]] above. The morpheme ''-ant'' is glossed here as PTCP ‘participle’ since it is the morpheme that turns the verb into a participle. It should be noted, however, that this ''-ant'' is the same morpheme as is used to “animatize” a neuter noun in order enable it to function as the subject of a transitive verb, see [[#Neuter i-Stem Nouns]] above. In those so-called ergative forms the morpheme is glossed as ANIM “animatized” and one may consider to use the same gloss in participle forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''walḫanza'' || ''walḫanza'' || strike:PTCP:NOM.SG.C || ''walḫ-an-za'' || strike-PTCP-NOM.SG.C
|-
| ''walḫantan'' || ''walḫantan'' || strike:PTCP:ACC.SG.C || ''walḫ-ant-an'' || strike-PTCP-ACC.SG.C
|-
| ''walḫan'' || ''walḫan'' || strike:PTCP.NOM/ACC.SG.N || ''walḫ-an'' || strike-PTCP.NOM/ACC.SG.N
|-
| ''walḫantaš'' || ''walḫantaš'' || strike:PTCP:GEN.SG || ''walḫ-ant-aš'' || strike-PTCP-GEN.SG
|-
| ''walḫanti'' || ''walḫanti'' || strike:PTCP:DATLOC.SG || ''walḫ-ant-i'' || strike-PTCP-DATLOC.SG
|-
| ''walḫantaz'' || ''walḫantaz'' || strike:PTCP:ABL || ''walḫ-ant-az'' || strike-PTCP-ABL
|-
| ''walḫanteš'' || ''walḫanteš'' || strike:PTCP:NOM.PL.C || ''walḫ-ant-eš'' || strike-PTCP-NOM.PL.C
|-
| ''walḫantuš'' || ''walḫantuš'' || strike:PTCP:ACC.PL.C || ''walḫ-ant-uš'' || strike-PTCP-ACC.PL.C
|-
| ''walḫanta'' || ''walḫanta'' || strike:PTCP:NOM/ACC.PL.N || ''walḫ-ant-a'' || strike-PTCP-NOM/ACC.PL.N
|-
| ''walḫantaš'' || ''walḫantaš'' || strike:PTCP:DATLOC.PL || ''walḫ-ant-aš'' || strike-PTCP-DATLOC.PL
|}

=== Negations, Particles and Conjuctions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''natta'' || ''natta'' || NEG || ''natta'' || NEG
|-
| ''nawi'' || ''nawi'' || not_yet.NEG || ''nawi'' || not_yet.NEG
|-
| ''lē'' || ''lē'' || NEG.PROH || ''lē'' || NEG.PROH
|-
| ''lē=man'' || ''lē=man'' || NEG=OPT.PTCL || ''lē=man'' || NEG=OPT.PTCL
|-
| ''nūman'' || ''nūman'' || NEG.OPT || ''nūman'' || NEG.OPT
|-
| ''nekku'' || ''nekku'' || NEG.Q || ''nekku'' || NEG.Q
|-
| ''=wa(r)='' || ''=war='' || =QUOT= || ''=war='' || =QUOT=
|-
| ''=z(a)'' || ''=za'' || =REFL || ''=za'' || =REFL
|-
| ''=an'' || ''=an'' || =PTCL || ''=an'' || =PTCL
|-
| ''=apa'' || ''=apa'' || =PTCL || ''=apa'' || =PTCL
|-
| ''=ašta'' || ''=ašta'' || =PTCL || ''=ašta'' || =PTCL
|-
| ''=kan'' || ''=kan'' || =PTCL || ''=kan'' || =PTCL
|-
| ''=šan'' || ''=šan'' || =PTCL || ''=šan'' || =PTCL
|-
| ''=pat'' || ''=pat'' || =PTCL || ''=pat'' || =PTCL
|-
| ''man'' || ''man'' || OPT.PTCL || ''man'' || OPT.PTCL
|-
| ''man'' || ''man'' || POT.PTCL || ''man'' || POT.PTCL
|-
| ''man'' || ''man'' || IRR.PTCL || ''man'' || IRR.PTCL
|-
| ''nu'' || ''nu'' || CNJ || ''nu'' || CNJ
|-
| ''šu'' || ''šu'' || CNJ || ''šu'' || CNJ
|-
| ''ta'' || ''ta'' || CNJ || ''ta'' || CNJ
|-
| ''=a'' || ''=a'' || =CNJ || ''=a'' || =CNJ
|-
| ''=ma'' || ''=ma'' || =CNJ || ''=ma'' || =CNJ
|-
| ''=ya'' || ''=ya'' || =CNJ || ''=ya'' || =CNJ
|}

Cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008 Chapters 26, 28 and 29.

== Bibliography ==
* Hoffner, H.A. and H.C. Melchert. 2008. ''A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 1: Reference Grammar'', Languages of the Ancient Near East 1, Winona Lake, Indiana.
* Kloekhorst, A. 2008. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon'', Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5, Leiden/Boston.

* ''CHD'' = H.G. Güterbock, H.A. Hoffner, ''et al.'' (eds.). 1980–... ''The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago'', Chicago.

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Hittite:Glossing recommendations

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== Examples for common forms ==

For '''examples''' of glossings of common Hittite forms, see [[Hittite:Glossing of common Hittite forms|here]].

{{Separating bar}}

== Extra Glossing transcription line ==
Traditional scholarly transliteration as well as bound transcription of '''Hittite''' uses punctuation, too. This punctuation is in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the [[Glossing Rules]].

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Puctuation !! Meaning in scholarly transliterations of Hittite !! Meaning in scholarly bound transcription of Hittite !! Meaning in Glossing transcription line !! Meaning in Glossing line
|-
| align="center" | '''.''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange|Separates cuneiform signs used in Sumerograms}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_period_expert|''Portmanteau'']] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | ''':''' || {{Red|''Glossenkeil''}} || — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_colon|Morpheme separator]]
|-
| align="center" | '''-''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Separates cuneiform signs used in Akkadograms and in syllabic spelling}} || colspan="2" |[[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''=''' || — || Clitic || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|Clitic]]
|-
| align="center" | '''( )''' || — || {{Orange|Non-overt phonemes, scholarly reconstruction}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_parentheses|Inherent]] category
|-
| align="center" | '''[ ]''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Completely destroyed text (''lacuna''), potentially with reconstructed content}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_square_brackets|‘Zero’ morpheme]]
|-
| align="center" | '''&lceil; &rceil;''' || colspan="2" | Partially destroyed text, usually with reconstructed content || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''{ }''' || colspan="2" | Erasure || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''< >''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Emendation of a scribal error (addition)}} || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_angle_brackets|Infix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''<< >>''' || colspan="2" | Emendation of a scribal error (deletion) || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''~''' || colspan="2" | — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_tilde|Reduplication]] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''{{tf}}''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_transfix|Transfix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''_''' || colspan="2" | — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_object_language|Fixed phrase]] || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_gloss|Fixed phrase]]
|-
| align="center" | '''\''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_backslash|''Ablaut'']] phenomenon
|-
| align="center" | '''/''' || colspan="2" | (Options) || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_slash|Ambigous]] morpheme
|}

In order to prevent any confusion, it is strongly advisable or, as far as “-” and “< >” are concerned, even mandatory not to use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line (directly above the Glossing line). Keep in mind that the '''number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “< >” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to [[Glossing_Rules#Correct_sequential_alignment|match exactly]]'''.

; Problematic examples:
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || URU''Ku{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}uš{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ša{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Red|<}}ra{{Red|>}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''kat{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}an{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ga{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ri{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it'' || ''ụ́{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || URU''Kussa{{Red|<}}ra{{Red|>}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''katta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}ngarit'' || ''u{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}et{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

Consequently, the encoder needs to add '''an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’''' between the traditional Transliteration line (or traditional Bound transcription line) and the Glossing line.

; Examples:
{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || URU''Ku-uš-ša-<ra>'' || URU-''az'' || ''kat-ta'' || ''[pa-]an-ga-ri-it'' || ''ụ́[-it]''
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT || uet
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || URU''Kussa<ra>'' || URU-''az'' || ''katta'' || ''[pa]ngarit'' || ''u[et]''
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit || uet
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the [[Glossing Rules]]. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her scholarly tradition.

{{Separating bar}}

== Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines ==
To '''derive a valid Glossing transcription line''' from a traditional transliteration or transcription line, the follwoing hand-on rules may help.

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional transliteration line !! Traditional transcription line !! Glossing transliteration line !! Examples
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" rowspan="2" | '''.''' || make bound transcription ||
|-
| keep it (if bound transcription impossible) || LUGAL.GAL → LUGAL.GAL king:great ‘Great King’
|-
| align="center" | {{Red|''':'''}} || || leave out ||
|-
| align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || || make bound transcription of either the underlying Hittite word or of the Akkadogram, i.e. the Akkadian word || ''Ku-uš-ša-ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ URU-''az'' → URUaz city:ABL ‘from (the) city’
|-
| || align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || like “.”, but with sumerograms; keep italics for sumerogram || GAL-''ŠUNU'' → GAL.''ŠUNU'' great:POSS.3PL.C ‘their leader’
|-
| || align="center" | = || keep it ([[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|clitic]]) || ''me-e-ni-im-me-et'' → mēni=mmet face:ACC.SG.N=POSS.1SG.NOM/ACC.SG.N ‘my face’
|-
| || align="center" | '''( )''' || leave parentheses and content out || ''n(u)=an'' → n=an CNJ=3SG.ACC.C ‘and him’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | (superscript) || leave classifiers out || URU''Kussara'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | {{Red|'''< >'''}} || leave brackets out; keep content || URU''Kussa<ra>'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''{ }''' || leave brackets and content out || URU''Kussa{sa}ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''[ ]''' || leave brackets out; keep content or leave it out || URU''[Kussa]ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ URU''[Kussa]ra'' → [__]ra ‘[''destroyed'']’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''&lceil; &rceil;''' || leave brackets out; keep content || URU''&lceil;Kussa&rceil;ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|}

{{Separating bar}}

== Problems with the Cuneiform Script: Syllabic and Logographic spelling ==
The Hittite language was written in the cuneiform script that ultimately derived from Southern Mesopotamia. The cuneiform script consists of syllabic and logographic signs. Since the script was originally not invented to write an Indo-European language such as Hittite, it is not the best suitable script to write such a language. The Hittite cuneiform script uses consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) signs as well as single vowel (V) signs and consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) signs. This syllabic writing system masks the exact phonetics of the Hittite language. For example, it makes it impossible to write consonant clusters which are common in Indo-European languages. Logograms in Hittite texts are signs or combinations of signs that designate a specific Hittite word. Two types of logograms are distinguished in Hittite texts: Sumerograms and Akkadograms. Sumerograms are words from the Sumerian language whereas Akkadograms are words from the Akkadian language.

In transliterations of Hittite texts it is custom to distinguish between the different logographic and syllabic spellings. Syllabic signs, which reflect the Hittite language directly, are written in italics and separated by hyphens (-). Sumerograms are written in capital letters and uses dots (.) to separate the different signs, whereas Akkadograms are written in italicized capital letters and uses hyphens (-) to separate the different signs. In addition, one finds syllabic endings attached to logographically written words. Akkadographic endings can also be attached to a Sumerogram, these are written in superscript.
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Transliteration !! Glossing transcription !! Gloss
|-
| MUNUS.LUGAL || MUNUS.LUGAL || queen
|-
| DUMU || DUMU || son
|-
| DUMU-''aš'' || DUMU''aš'' || son:GEN.SG
|-
| ''A-BU'' || ''ABU'' or ''attaš'' || father:NOM.SG.C
|-
| DINGIR''LIM-iš'' || DINGIR''LIMiš'' || god:NOM.SG.C
|}

These logograms can complicate glossing a Hittite text, especially when the Hittite word underlying the Sumerogram or Akkadogram is unknown. We suggest to do the following when one is glossing a Hittite text or text passage. If possible, write the underlying Hittite word(s) in its correct form in the glossing transliteration line. When the underlying word or its correct form is unknown, leave the logogram in its capitalized format. For Sumerograms one should also leave the separating dots. For Akkadograms one should make a bound transcription of the Akkadian word and, hence, remove the separating hyphens, but leave the italics. The hyphen that connects the syllabically written endings may be removed.

One should be cautious to gloss the underlying Hittite language and not the script. For example, unlike Hittite Akkadian does distinguish between masculine and feminine and this can be reflected in Akkadograms such as in DUMU=''ŠU'' ‘his son’. Nonetheless one should not gloss it as masculine (M), since that does not reflect the Hittite language (DUMU=''ŠU'' son=his.POSS.3SG.C (not M!)). In addition, a Hittite construction may differ from that of a logographically written one. For example, Akkadograms, in accordance with the Akkadian language, make use of prepositions, whereas Hittite uses postpositions or perhaps a case ending instead.

On the Hittite cuneiform script, Hittite writing conventions and modern transcription conventions, see Hoffner & Melchert 2008: pp. 9-24.

Ancient Greek:Glossing recommendations

2017-02-12T13:51:13Z

Werningd: /* Extra Glossing transcription line */ a "not" missing, Thanks to Tobias Paul

== Examples for common forms ==

(In preperation.)

{{Separating bar}}

== Extra Glossing transcription line ==
Readers outside the field of Classics '''cannot be expected to be able to read Ancient Greek letters'''. Anyhow, it is good common practice to translate all not latin-based script systems into latin-based transliterations or transcriptions. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek Standards to transcribe Ancient Greek] are already established. The encoder shall add the transcription in an '''an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’''' between the original Greek line and the Glossing line.

;Example ([http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=0&query=Paus.%202.34 Paus. 2.34]):
{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Greek''' || πῦρ || ἀναζέσαι || πολὺ || ἐκ || τῆς || γῆς
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || pûr || anazésai || polù || ek || tês || gês
|-
| '''Glosses''' || fire(N)[SG.NOM] || boil_up:AOR.INF || much:N.SG.NOM || ELAT || DEF.F.SG.GEN || earth(F):SG.GEN
|}
{{Translation|‘fire that gushed in great volume from the ground’.}}

But there is also another issue.

Traditional philological '''editions of manuscripts use a system of punctuation''' (cf. the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_Conventions ''Leiden Conventions'']) which is partially in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the [[Glossing Rules]].

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Puctuation !! Meaning in philological editions!! Meaning in Glossing transcription line !! Meaning in Glossing line
|-
| align="center" | '''< >''' || {{Red|Emendation of a scribal error (addition)}} || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_angle_brackets|Infix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''{ }''' || Emendation of a scribal error (deletion) || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''[ ]''' || {{Orange| Completely destroyed text (''lacuna''), potentially with reconstructed content}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_square_brackets|‘Zero’ morpheme]]
|-
| align="center" | '''[[ ]]''' || Deleted text || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''( )''' || {{Orange|Non-overt part of an abbreviation}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_parentheses|Inherent]] category
|-
| align="center" | '''''dot below''''' (e.g. ọ) || Damaged or unclear characters || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''\''' || rowspan="2" | {{Orange|Addition/insertion above the line}} ('''\ /''' ''or'' '''‘ ’''') || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_backslash|''Ablaut'']] phenomenon
|-
| align="center" | '''/''' || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_slash|Ambigous]] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''~''' || — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_tilde|Reduplication]] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''_''' || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_object_language|Fixed phrase]] || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_gloss|Fixed phrase]]
|}

In order to prevent any confusion between the meaning of “[ ]” and “( )” in the Greek line and “[ ]” and “( )” in the Glossing line, it is strongly advisable to not use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line directly above the Glossing line at all. As far as “< >” is concerned, it is even mandatory not to use it with the philological meaning (''emendation'') in the Glossing transcription line. (Keep in mind that the number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “< >” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to [[Glossing_Rules#Correct_sequential_alignment|match exactly]].)

; Problematic examples:
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Greek (edited)''' || {{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}πῦ{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}ρ || ἀναζέσ{{Red|<}}α{{Red|>}}ι || πολὺ || ἐκ || {{Orange|<nowiki>\</nowiki>}}τῆς{{Orange|<nowiki>/</nowiki>}} || γῆς
|-
| '''Glosses''' || fire(N){{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}SG.NOM{{Orange|<nowiki>/</nowiki>}}ACC{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} || boil_up:AOR.INF || much:N.SG.NOM{{Orange|<nowiki>/</nowiki>}}ACC || ELAT || DEF.F.SG.GEN || earth(F):SG.GEN
|}
{{Translation|‘fire that gushed in great volume from the ground’.}}

{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transcription (edited)''' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pû{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}r'' || ''anazés{{Red|<}}a{{Red|>}}i'' || ''polù'' || ''ek'' || {{Orange|<nowiki>\</nowiki>}}''tês''{{Orange|<nowiki>/</nowiki>}} || ''gês''
|-
| '''Glosses''' || fire(N){{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}SG.NOM{{Orange|<nowiki>/</nowiki>}}ACC{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} || boil_up:AOR.INF || much:N.SG.NOM{{Orange|<nowiki>/</nowiki>}}ACC || ELAT || DEF.F.SG.GEN || earth(F):SG.GEN
|}
{{Translation|‘fire that gushed in great volume from the ground’.}}

The advices to provide a latin-based transcription and to keep the line directly above the Glossing line free of philological markups are the two main reasons to provide the following three lines:
# a '''Greek''' line with philological markup,
# a '''Transcription''' line (without philological markup),
# the '''Glossing''' line.

; Example:
{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Greek (edited)''' || [πῦ]ρ || ἀναζέσ<α>ι || πολὺ || ἐκ || \τῆς/ || γῆς
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || pûr || anazésai || polù || ek || tês || gês
|-
| '''Glosses''' || fire(N)[SG.NOM] || boil_up:AOR.INF || much:N.SG.NOM || ELAT || DEF.F.SG.GEN || earth(F):SG.GEN
|}
{{Translation|‘fire that gushed in great volume from the ground’.}}

In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the [[Glossing Rules]]. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her philological tradition.

{{Punctuation bar}}

{{Separating bar}}

== Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines ==
To '''derive a valid Glossing transcription line''' from a Greek line with philological markup, the following hands-on rules may help.

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Greek (edited) !! colspan="2" | Glossing transcription line !! Examples
|-
| align="center" | '''''dot below''''' (e.g. ọ) || leave dot below out || keep character || π̣ῦρ → pûr fire(N)[SG.NOM] ‘fire’
|-
| align="center" | {{Red|'''< >'''}} || leave brackets out || rowspan="3" | keep content || <π>ῦρ → pûr fire(N)[SG.NOM] ‘fire’
|-
| align="center" | '''( )''' || leave parentheses out || ἀν(ὰ) → aná up ‘up’
|-
| align="center" | '''\ /''' ''or'' '''‘ ’''' || leave ‘slashes’ out || π\ῦ/ρ → pûr fire(N)[SG.NOM] ‘fire’
|-
| align="center" | '''[ ]''' || leave brackets out || keep content or leave it out || [πῦ]ρ → pûr fire(N)[SG.NOM] ‘fire’ π[ῦρ] → p[__] ‘[''-destroyed-'']’
|-
| align="center" | '''[[ ]]''' || rowspan="2" | leave brackets out || rowspan="2" | leave content out || πῦρ<nowiki>[[</nowiki>ρ<nowiki>]]</nowiki> → pûr fire(N)[SG.NOM] ‘fire’
|-
| align="center" | '''{ }''' || πῦρ{ρ} → pûr fire(N)[SG.NOM] ‘fire’
|}

{{Punctuation bar}}

Main Page

2017-02-09T09:32:27Z

Werningd: Bildbreite repariert

__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
<big><big><big>Glossing Ancient Languages</big></big></big>

[[File:Glossing-Demotic-Brugsch_1855_115.png|500x90px|right|'''Glossing of Heinrich Brugsch (1855)''']]
This is an open access forum on recommendations for the''' Interlinar Morphemic Glossing (IMG) of ancient languages'''.

Please feel free to '''contribute to or comment on''' existing pages and/or create new pages '''without login account'''. We appreciate your input. Your changes are logged under your IP address. Alternatively, you can [mailto:daniel.werning@topoi.org ask for a named login account] so that your changes appear under your own name.

=== General recommendations ===
* General [[Glossing Rules|glossing rules]] and recommendations (alignment, punctuation)
* Recommended [[Glossing Abbreviations|glossing abbreviations]]
[[File:Glossing-Egyptian-Champollion 1836 458.png|475px|link=|right|'''Glossing of Jean François Champollion (1836-1841)''']]
[[File:Glossing-Egyptian-passage from Champollion 1836 458.png|475px|link=|right|'''Modern glossing of same passage''']]
=== Specific recommendations for different languages ===
* Glossing Akkadian: [[Akkadian:Glossing of common Akkadian forms|Form examples]] and [[Akkadian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Ancient Egyptian
** Glossing Earlier Egyptian (Old Egyptian/Middle Egyptian): [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms|Form examples]] and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Late Egyptian: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Demotic: Form examples {{Contribute}} and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Coptic: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Coptic:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Glossing Ancient Greek: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Ancient Greek:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Glossing Hittite: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Hittite:Glossing recommendations|hints]].

''In order to create a new page for another language, please follow [[Help:Contents#Creating a new page|these instructions]].''

=== Technical issues ===
* [[Unicode]] fonts and editing
* [[Editing glosses|Editing]] of aligned text examples

=== Examples ===
{{Contribute}}
* [[Akkadian:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Akkadian texts]]
* [[Ancient Egyptian:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Ancient Egyptian texts]]
* [[Ancient Greek:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Ancient Greek texts]]
* [[Hittite:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Hittite texts]]

If one of the following signs does not seem to be displayed correctly on your computer, please '''install a powerful Unicode font''' like [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] or [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]:
''ḫ'', ''š'', ''ṭ'', ''ʿ'', (for Egyptian:) ''Ꜣ'', ''ḥ'', ''ẖ'', ''ṯ'', ''ḏ''.

Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms

2016-11-24T15:52:38Z

Werningd: /* ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ */

What follows is a list of '''Earlier Egyptian''' (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.

Please contribute to the list or to the '''discussion of the glossing of specific forms'''.

== Grammatical forms ==
=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
===== ‘Suffix pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=j'' || {{TrSep}}j || :1SG || -j || -1SG
|-
| ''=k'' || {{TrSep}}k || :2SG.M || -k || -2SG.M
|-
| ''=ṯ / =t'' || {{TrSep}}ṯ || :2SG.F || -č || -2SG.F
|-
| ''=f'' || {{TrSep}}f || :3SG.M || -f || -3SG.M
|-
| ''=s'' || {{TrSep}}s || :3SG.F || -s || -3SG.F
|-
| ''=n'' || {{TrSep}}n || :1PL || -n || -1PL
|-
| ''=ṯn / =tn'' || {{TrSep}}ṯn || :2PL || -čn || -2PL
|-
| ''=sn'' || {{TrSep}}sn || :3PL || -sn || -3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=n(j) / =nj'' || {{TrSep}}nj || :1DU || -nj || -1DU
|-
| ''=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj'' || {{TrSep}}ṯnj || :2DU || -čnj || -2DU
|-
| ''=sn(j) / =snj'' || {{TrSep}}snj || :3DU || -snj || -3DU
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Later Middle Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :IMPRS || -tw || -IMPRS
|}

===== ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wj'' || wj || 1SG || =w {{Orange|(!)}} || =1SG
|-
| ''ṯw / tw'' || ṯw || 2SG.M || =čw || =2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2SG.F || =čn || =2SG.F
|-
| ''sw'' || sw || 3SG.M || =sw || =3SG.M
|-
| ''s(j) / sï'' || sï || 3SG.F || =sï || =3SG.F
|-
| ''n'' || n || 1PL || =n || =1PL
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2PL || =čn || =2PL
|-
| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL
|-
| ''st'' || st || 3COLL || =st || =3COLL
|}

===== Independent personal pronouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jnk'' || jnk || 1SG || jnk || 1SG
|-
| ''ntk'' || ntk || 2SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}k || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ntṯ / ntt'' || ntṯ || 2SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}č || 2SG.F
|-
| ''ntf'' || ntf || 3SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}f || 3SG.M
|-
| ''nts'' || nts || 3SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}s || 3SG.F
|-
| ''*jnn'' || jnn || 1PL || jnn || 1PL
|-
| ''ntn'' || ntn || 1PL || nt{{TrSep}}n || 1PL
|-
| ''ntṯn / nttn'' || ntṯn || 2PL || nt{{TrSep}}čn || 2PL
|-
| ''ntsn'' || ntsn || 3PL || nt{{TrSep}}sn || 3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt'' || ṯwt || 2SG.M || čwt || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯmt'' || ṯmt || 2SG.F || čmt || 2SG.F
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG.M || swt || 3SG.M
|-
| ''stt'' || stt || 3SG.F || stt || 3SG.F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || 2SG || čwt || 2SG
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG || swt || 3SG
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (in print) Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A critical review. To appear in: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), [''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts''] (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, 44 pp.</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" />
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || swt
|}

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neutral'''
|-
| ''pw'' || pw || this:M || pw || DEM:M.SG
|-
| ''tw'' || tw || this:F || tw || DEM:F.SG
|-
| ''nw'' || nw || this || nw || DEM:C
|-
| ''nw n(j)'' || nw_nï || these || nw_nï || DEM:PL
|-
| ''jpw'' || jpw || these:M || jpw || DEM.PL:M
|-
| ''jptw'' || jptw || these:F || jptw || DEM.PL:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (older form)'''
|-
| ''pn'' || pn || this:M || pn || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tn'' || tn || this:F || tn || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || this || nn || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nn n(j)'' || nn_nï || these || nn_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| ''jpn'' || jpn || these:M || jpn || DEM.PL:PROX:M
|-
| ''jptn'' || jptn || these:F || jptn || DEM.PL:PROX:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)'''
|-
| ''pꜢ'' || pꜢ || this:M || pꜢ || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || this:F || tꜢ || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nꜢ'' || nꜢ || this || nꜢ || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nꜢ n(j)'' || nꜢ_nï || these || nꜢ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Distal'''
|-
| ''pf'' || pf || that:M || pf || DEM.DIST:M.SG
|-
| ''tf'' || tf || that:F || tf || DEM.DIST:F.SG
|-
| ''nf'' || nf || that || nf || DEM.DIST:C
|-
| ''nf n(j)'' || nf_nï || those || nf_nï || DEM.DIST:PL
|-
| ''jpf'' || jpf || those:M || jpf || DEM.PL:DIST:M
|-
| ''jptf'' || jptf || those:F || jptf || DEM.PL:DIST:F
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || land.M || tꜢ || land(M)[SG]
|-
| ''tꜢ.w'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜢ-w || land(M)-PL
|-
| ''tꜢ.wï'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜢ-wï || land(M)-DU
|-
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG]
|-
| ''p.(w)t'' || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F.PL || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F:PL
|-
| ''p.tï'' || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F.DU || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F:DU
|-
| ''jn.w'' || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M[SG] (''analytic'': bring:COLL.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.w'' || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG])
|-
| ''spr.w'' || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M[SG] (''analytic'': petition:AGT.M[SG])
|-
| ''wrḏ.w'' || wrḏ{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M || wrč̣{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M[SG] (''analytic'': weary:NMLZ.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.wt'' || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:COLL.F)
|-
| ''ḥz.wt'' || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F[SG] (''analytic'': praise:ABSTR.F)
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p{{TrSep}}t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’
:The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.''
;FAQ:
:''‘Why does the glossing show the sequence number–gender in some cases, but gender–number in others?’''
:The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–number–gender) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (gender–number). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.

==== Nominal ''status constructus'' ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ-jmn.t / tꜢ jmn.t'' || tꜢ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' land.M:STC west:F || tꜢ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG]
|-
| ''nb.t-p.t / nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG]
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''nfr'' || nfr || good || nfr || good[M.SG]
|-
| ''nfr.w'' || nfr{{TrSep}}w || good:M.PL || nfr-w || good-M.PL
|-
| ''nfr.wï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}wï || good:M.DU || nfr-wï || good-M.DU
|-
| ''nfr.t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t || good:F || nfr-t || good-F[SG]
|-
| ''nfr.(w)t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || good:F.PL || nfr-t {{Orange|(!)}} || good-F:PL
|-
| ''nfr.tï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}tï || good:F.DU || nfr-tï || good-F:DU
|}

=== Ordinal number affix ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''.nw ''(e.g. ''4.nw'') || {{TrSep}}nw || :ORD || -nw || -ORD
|-
| ''mḥ'' || mḥ || ORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Existential adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wn'' || wn || existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not_existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== ‘Nisbes’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j)'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï || west:ADJZ || jmnt-ï || west-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)w'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || west:ADJZ:M.PL || jmnt-ï-w || west-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)t'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || west:ADJZ:F || jmnt-ï-t || west-ADJZ-F
|-
| ''ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï || under:ADJZ || ẖr-ï || under-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)w'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || under:ADJZ:M.PL || ẖr-ï-w || under-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)t'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || under:ADJZ:F || ẖr-ï-t || under-ADJZ-F
|}

=== ‘Indirect Genitive’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nï || of || nï || of[M.SG]
|-
| ''n(j).w'' || nï{{TrSep}}w || of:M.PL || nï-w || of-M.PL
|-
| ''n(j).t'' || nï{{TrSep}}t || of:F || nï-t || of-F
|-
| ''n(j) ''(uninflected) || nï || of || nï || of
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ntï / nt(j)'' || ntï || REL || ntï || REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''nt(j).w'' || ntï{{TrSep}}w || REL:M.PL || ntï-w || REL-M.PL
|-
| ''nt(j).t'' || ntï{{TrSep}}t || REL:F || ntï-t || REL-F
|-
| ''jwtï / jwt(j)'' || jwtï || REL.NEG || jwtï || REL.NEG[M.SG]
|-
| ''jwt(j).w'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}w || REL.NEG:M.PL || jwtï-w || REL.NEG-M.PL
|-
| ''jwt(j).t'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}t || REL.NEG:F || jwtï-t || REL.NEG-F
|}

=== Uninflected verbal forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:Ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}Ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-Ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:INF || gm{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}INF
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss ''gmi̯.t'' as gm{{TrSep}}t gm{{TrSep}}t find{{tf}}INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’''
:A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a '''transfix'''. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs ''IIIae inf.'' like ''gmi̯'' and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like ''sḏm''. With the markup with ‘{{tf}}’, the encoder makes it clear that '''the feature INF is not solely present in the ''.t'''''.
:This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.

==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || find:ADV.INF || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}ADV.INF
|}

==== ‘Negatival Complement’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:ADVZ || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}ADVZ
|}

=== Verbal forms with person/number inflection ===
==== Imperative ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IMP || gm || find{{tf}}IMP
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:IMP:PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}IMP-PL
|-
| ''m'' || m || do.not:IMP || m || PROH
|}

==== Resultative ''alias'' Stative ''alias'' ‘Pseudo-participle’ ====
;Middle Egyptian:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}kw || find:RES:1SG || gm-kw || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯.w'' || gm / gm{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm-w || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES-3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / *gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || rowspan="2" | find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || rowspan="2" | find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.wïn'' || gm{{TrSep}}wïn || gm-wïn
|-
| ''gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnï || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnï || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL
|}

;Old Egyptian (orthography):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj'' || gm{{TrSep}}kj || find:RES:1SG || gm-kj || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j)'' || gm / gm.j || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm.j || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES:3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.twn(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnj || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnj || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmj{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL.M || gm-w / gmj-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3PL.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.F
|}

=== Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection ===
==== ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Present’ ''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:IPFV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:SBJV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢn'' || mꜢn || see:SBJV || mꜢn || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ ''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST || mꜢꜢ || see{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfect’ ''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''mꜢ.n'' || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PRV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PRV
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' ''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ.t'' || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ~Ꜣ || see~POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS
|}

Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.

Cf. the following two sentences:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''jw gmi̯.n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ.t'' || ''jw gmi̯.n'''=f''' mḏꜣ.t''
|-
| jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t || jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n-'''f''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t
|-
| GRND find{{tf}}ANT '''king(M)[SG]''' writing:F[SG] || GRND find{{tf}}ANT-'''3SG.M''' writing:F[SG]
|-
| ‘'''The king''' found the manuscript.’ || ‘'''He''' found the manuscript.’
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ ''nj sḏm.n=f''?’''
:The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal ''sḏm.n=f'' in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of ''nj sḏm.n=f'' specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!)
;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’''
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a perfective form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the action as a whole – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does never occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the whole action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292.</ref>

==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (in print) Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: [Grossman, Eitan, Stéphane Polis, Andréas Stauder & Jean Winand] (eds.), [''Proceedings of the conference ‘New Directions in Egyptian Syntax’, 12th–14th May 2011, Liège''], ca. 28 pp.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| '''‘Nominal Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfective’ ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfect’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:NMLZ:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}NMLZ:ANT
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Nominal Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Present’ || ''gmm'' || gmm || find:NMLZ:IPFV || gm~m || find{{tf}}NMLZ~IPFV
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:NMLZ.IPFV || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}NMLZ.IPFV
|-
| '''‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’''' || ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy / gm || find:NMLZ || gmy, gm || find{{tf}}NMLZ
|}

==== Consecutive verb forms, ''alias'' ‘Contingent verb forms’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ‘Consecutive’ || ''gmi̯.jn'' || rowspan="4" | gm{{TrSep}}jn || rowspan="4" | find:CNSV || gm{{TrSep}}jn || find{{tf}}CNSV
|-
|  (‘Perfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}PRV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}IPFV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Posterior Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-jn || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV
|-
| ‘Obligative’ || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || rowspan="3" | find:OBLV || gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || find{{tf}}OBLV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Obligative’) || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || gm-ḫr || find{{tf}}IPFV-OBLV
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV
|-
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜢ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜢ / gmi̯.w.kꜢ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜢ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜢ'' || gmy-kꜢ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT
|}

==== Passive suffix ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(w) / .tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :PASS || -tw (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(j) / .tj'' || {{TrSep}}tj || :PASS || -tj (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|}

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''pꜢw / pꜢ(w)'' || pꜢw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Adjectival verbal forms ===
==== ‘Relative Forms’ ====
Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Anterior Relative Form’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective Relative Form’ ''alias'' ‘Relative Form Perfect’
|-
| ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL[M]:ANT
|-
| ''gmi̯.t.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:F:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL:F:ANT
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Imperfective Relative Form’'''
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M || gm~m-w || find~REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M.PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:REL.IPFV:F || gm~m-t || find~REL.IPFV-F
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:REL.IPFV:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘''Clère''’s relative form’''' alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:REL || gmy || find{{tf}}REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:REL:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}REL-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:REL:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}REL-F
|}

==== Participles ====
;Unabbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PTCP.ACT || gm || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.ACT:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PTCP.PASS || gmy || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.PASS:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL (''abbr.'': hear:PDA:M.PL) || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M || gm~m-w || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP.POST:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PTCP.POST:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:PL
|}

;Abbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PA || gm || find{{tf}}PA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PA:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PA:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PP || gmy || find{{tf}}PP[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PP:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PP-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PP:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PDA || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PDA:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDA:F || gm~m-t || find~PDA-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PDA || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) /'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDA:M.PL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDA:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M || gm~m-w || find~PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDP:F || gm~m-t || find~PDP-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDP:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PPO:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PPO:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PPO:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PPO:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PPA:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PPA:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PPA:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PPA:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PPA:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PPA:PL
|}

=== Particles and function words ===
==== Prepositions ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2012-Egyptian_Prepositions_Spatial_Relations.pdf Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for=
|-
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for-
|-
| ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to=
|-
| ''n='' (STPR) || n- || for- / due_to- || n- || BEN- / due_to-
|-
| ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with=
|-
| ''jm='' (STPR) || m- || in- / from- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with- || jm- || INESS- / ABL- <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with-
|-
| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of
|-
| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2004-Gardiner_D1.pdf The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12
p. 183–203.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" />
|-
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with
|}

==== Autonomous and enclitic particles ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''j'' || j || EXLM || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jw'' || jw || GRND / CORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jwt'' || jwt || that_not || jwt || COMP.NEG
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || Q || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || by || jn || AGT
|-
| ''jr'' || jr || as_for || jr || TOPZ
|-
| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ
|-
| ''ꜤḥꜤ.n'' || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT
|-
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM
|-
| ''wn.jn'' || wn{{TrSep}}jn || then || wn{{TrSep}}jn || CJVB:CNSV
|-
| ''wnt'' || wnt || that || wnt || COMP
|-
| ''pw ''(nominal clause) || pw || this || =pw || =DEM.C
|-
| ''m=k'' || m{{TrSep}}k || look.IMP:2SG.M || m-k || ATTN-2SG.M
|-
| ''m=ṯ'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯ || look.IMP:2SG.F || m-č || ATTN-2SG.F
|-
| ''m=ṯn'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯn || look.IMP:2PL || m-čn || ATTN-2PL
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nj || not || nj= || NEG=
|-
| ''n(j) ... js'' || nj ... js || not1 ... not1 || nj= ... js || NEG1= ... NEG1
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not / non_existent || nn || NEG / non_existent
|-
| ''ntt'' || ntt || that || ntt || COMP
|-
| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḥꜢ'' || ḥꜢ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''sk , jsṯ , ...'' || sk , jsṯ , ... || SBRD / meanwhile || sk , jsč , ... || SBRD / meanwhile
|-
| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''kꜢ'' || kꜢ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

==== Adverbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ꜤꜢ'' || ꜤꜢ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''wr.t'' || wr{{TrSep}}t || very || wr{{TrSep}}t || very:ADVZ
|}

=== Selected clause patterns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jw=s sḏm=s'' || jw{{TrSep}}s sḏm{{TrSep}}s || GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F || jw-s sč̣m-s || GRND-3SG.F hear{{tf}}IPFV-3SG.F
|-
| ''jw sḏm.n=s'' || jw sḏm{{TrSep}}n{{TrSep}}s || GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F || jw sč̣m{{TrSep}}n-s || GRND hear{{tf}}ANT-3SG.F
|-
| ''nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M at find:INF || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M at find:INF || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M at find:INF || jw-f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw m jyi̯.t'' || nzw m jy{{TrSep}}t || king.M in come:INF || nzw m= jy{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] in= come{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw r gmi̯.t'' || nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M to find:INF || nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw r gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M to find:INF || jw nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f r gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M to find:INF || jw-f r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t'' || jḫ{{TrSep}}t pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F DEM.C good:F || jḫ{{TrSep}}t =pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG]
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.
;Grammars:
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online])
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
* * Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.

Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms

2016-11-24T15:52:06Z

Werningd: /* ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ */ st neu beurteilt

What follows is a list of '''Earlier Egyptian''' (Middle Egyptian, Old Egyptian) grammatical forms and recommendations for their glossing.

Please contribute to the list or to the '''discussion of the glossing of specific forms'''.

== Grammatical forms ==
=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
===== ‘Suffix pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''=j'' || {{TrSep}}j || :1SG || -j || -1SG
|-
| ''=k'' || {{TrSep}}k || :2SG.M || -k || -2SG.M
|-
| ''=ṯ / =t'' || {{TrSep}}ṯ || :2SG.F || -č || -2SG.F
|-
| ''=f'' || {{TrSep}}f || :3SG.M || -f || -3SG.M
|-
| ''=s'' || {{TrSep}}s || :3SG.F || -s || -3SG.F
|-
| ''=n'' || {{TrSep}}n || :1PL || -n || -1PL
|-
| ''=ṯn / =tn'' || {{TrSep}}ṯn || :2PL || -čn || -2PL
|-
| ''=sn'' || {{TrSep}}sn || :3PL || -sn || -3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=n(j) / =nj'' || {{TrSep}}nj || :1DU || -nj || -1DU
|-
| ''=ṯn(j) / =ṯnj'' || {{TrSep}}ṯnj || :2DU || -čnj || -2DU
|-
| ''=sn(j) / =snj'' || {{TrSep}}snj || :3DU || -snj || -3DU
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Later Middle Egyptian additionally'''
|-
| ''=tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :IMPRS || -tw || -IMPRS
|}

===== ‘Enclitic personal pronouns’ =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wj'' || wj || 1SG || =w {{Orange|(!)}} || =1SG
|-
| ''ṯw / tw'' || ṯw || 2SG.M || =čw || =2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2SG.F || =čn || =2SG.F
|-
| ''sw'' || sw || 3SG.M || =sw || =3SG.M
|-
| ''s(j) / sï'' || sï || 3SG.F || =sï || =3SG.F
|-
| ''n'' || n || 1PL || =n || =1PL
|-
| ''ṯn / tn'' || ṯn || 2PL || =čn || =2PL
|-
| ''sn'' || sn || 3PL || =sn || =3PL
|-
| ''st'' || st || 3SG.C || =st || =3COLL
|}

===== Independent personal pronouns =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jnk'' || jnk || 1SG || jnk || 1SG
|-
| ''ntk'' || ntk || 2SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}k || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ntṯ / ntt'' || ntṯ || 2SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}č || 2SG.F
|-
| ''ntf'' || ntf || 3SG.M || nt{{TrSep}}f || 3SG.M
|-
| ''nts'' || nts || 3SG.F || nt{{TrSep}}s || 3SG.F
|-
| ''*jnn'' || jnn || 1PL || jnn || 1PL
|-
| ''ntn'' || ntn || 1PL || nt{{TrSep}}n || 1PL
|-
| ''ntṯn / nttn'' || ntṯn || 2PL || nt{{TrSep}}čn || 2PL
|-
| ''ntsn'' || ntsn || 3PL || nt{{TrSep}}sn || 3PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt'' || ṯwt || 2SG.M || čwt || 2SG.M
|-
| ''ṯmt'' || ṯmt || 2SG.F || čmt || 2SG.F
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG.M || swt || 3SG.M
|-
| ''stt'' || stt || 3SG.F || stt || 3SG.F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || 2SG || čwt || 2SG
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || 3SG || swt || 3SG
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neo-Middle Egyptian'''
|-
| ''ṯwt / twt'' || ṯwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013">Werning, Daniel A. (in print) Linguistic Dating of the Netherworld Books Attested in the New Kingdom. A critical review. To appear in: Gerald Moers ''et al.'' (eds.), [''Dating Egyptian Literary Texts''] (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 11), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, 44 pp.</ref> || čwt || rowspan="2" | 2/3SG <ref name="Werning_Dating_2013" />
|-
| ''swt'' || swt || swt
|}

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Neutral'''
|-
| ''pw'' || pw || this:M || pw || DEM:M.SG
|-
| ''tw'' || tw || this:F || tw || DEM:F.SG
|-
| ''nw'' || nw || this || nw || DEM:C
|-
| ''nw n(j)'' || nw_nï || these || nw_nï || DEM:PL
|-
| ''jpw'' || jpw || these:M || jpw || DEM.PL:M
|-
| ''jptw'' || jptw || these:F || jptw || DEM.PL:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (older form)'''
|-
| ''pn'' || pn || this:M || pn || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tn'' || tn || this:F || tn || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || this || nn || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nn n(j)'' || nn_nï || these || nn_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| ''jpn'' || jpn || these:M || jpn || DEM.PL:PROX:M
|-
| ''jptn'' || jptn || these:F || jptn || DEM.PL:PROX:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Proximal (younger form)'''
|-
| ''pꜢ'' || pꜢ || this:M || pꜢ || DEM.PROX:M.SG
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || this:F || tꜢ || DEM.PROX:F.SG
|-
| ''nꜢ'' || nꜢ || this || nꜢ || DEM.PROX:C
|-
| ''nꜢ n(j)'' || nꜢ_nï || these || nꜢ_nï || DEM.PROX:PL
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Distal'''
|-
| ''pf'' || pf || that:M || pf || DEM.DIST:M.SG
|-
| ''tf'' || tf || that:F || tf || DEM.DIST:F.SG
|-
| ''nf'' || nf || that || nf || DEM.DIST:C
|-
| ''nf n(j)'' || nf_nï || those || nf_nï || DEM.DIST:PL
|-
| ''jpf'' || jpf || those:M || jpf || DEM.PL:DIST:M
|-
| ''jptf'' || jptf || those:F || jptf || DEM.PL:DIST:F
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ'' || tꜢ || land.M || tꜢ || land(M)[SG]
|-
| ''tꜢ.w'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}w || land:M.PL || tꜢ-w || land(M)-PL
|-
| ''tꜢ.wï'' || tꜢ{{TrSep}}wï || land:M.DU || tꜢ-wï || land(M)-DU
|-
| ''p.t'' || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F || p{{TrSep}}t || sky:F[SG]
|-
| ''p.(w)t'' || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F.PL || p{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || sky:F:PL
|-
| ''p.tï'' || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F.DU || p{{TrSep}}tï || sky:F:DU
|-
| ''jn.w'' || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M || jn{{TrSep}}w || tribute:M[SG] (''analytic'': bring:COLL.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.w'' || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M || šn{{TrSep}}w || circumference:M[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:ABSTR.M[SG])
|-
| ''spr.w'' || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M || spr{{TrSep}}w || petitioner:M[SG] (''analytic'': petition:AGT.M[SG])
|-
| ''wrḏ.w'' || wrḏ{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M || wrč̣{{TrSep}}w || weary_one:M[SG] (''analytic'': weary:NMLZ.M[SG])
|-
| ''šn.wt'' || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F || šn{{TrSep}}wt || royal_entourage:F[SG] (''analytic'': circumfer:COLL.F)
|-
| ''ḥz.wt'' || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F || ḥz{{TrSep}}wt || favour:F[SG] (''analytic'': praise:ABSTR.F)
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why do you recommend the glossing transcription p{{TrSep}}t sky:F instead of p-t sky-F, since the -t clearly marks a feminine noun?’
:The gloss p-t sky-F might make the reader understand that p alone is a word for ‘sky’ and that -t is a optional inflection or derivation morpheme. This however is not the case. The feature feminine (F) is inherent to the whole word. By choosing the ‘:’, we want to make clear that the feature ‘feminine’ is not solely present in the -t.''
;FAQ:
:''‘Why does the glossing show the sequence number–gender in some cases, but gender–number in others?’''
:The sequence of glossed categories in personal pronouns (person–number–gender) is different from that in other nominal morphemes (gender–number). This convention is due to the fact that in the case of personal pronouns the markedness for gender is not obligatory – so here gender comes last in the sequence – while with other nominal forms gender is often implicit, but number is optional and often marked by an additional morpheme – so here gender comes first.

==== Nominal ''status constructus'' ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tꜢ-jmn.t / tꜢ jmn.t'' || tꜢ jmn{{TrSep}}t || land.M west:F ''or'' land.M:STC west:F || tꜢ= jmn{{TrSep}}t || land(M)[SG]= west:F[SG] ''or'' land(M)[SG]:STC west:F[SG]
|-
| ''nb.t-p.t / nb.t p.t'' || nb{{TrSep}}t p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F sky:F ''or'' mistress:F:STC sky:F || nb{{TrSep}}t= p{{TrSep}}t || mistress:F[SG]= sky:F[SG] ''or'' mistress:F[SG]:STC sky:F[SG]
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''nfr'' || nfr || good || nfr || good[M.SG]
|-
| ''nfr.w'' || nfr{{TrSep}}w || good:M.PL || nfr-w || good-M.PL
|-
| ''nfr.wï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}wï || good:M.DU || nfr-wï || good-M.DU
|-
| ''nfr.t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t || good:F || nfr-t || good-F[SG]
|-
| ''nfr.(w)t'' || nfr{{TrSep}}t {{Orange|(!)}} || good:F.PL || nfr-t {{Orange|(!)}} || good-F:PL
|-
| ''nfr.tï'' || nfr{{TrSep}}tï || good:F.DU || nfr-tï || good-F:DU
|}

=== Ordinal number affix ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''.nw ''(e.g. ''4.nw'') || {{TrSep}}nw || :ORD || -nw || -ORD
|-
| ''mḥ'' || mḥ || ORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Existential adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''wn'' || wn || existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not_existent || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== ‘Nisbes’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jmnt.ï / jmnt(.j)'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï || west:ADJZ || jmnt-ï || west-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)w'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || west:ADJZ:M.PL || jmnt-ï-w || west-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''jmnt.(j)t'' || jmnt{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || west:ADJZ:F || jmnt-ï-t || west-ADJZ-F
|-
| ''ẖr(.j) / ẖr.ï'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï || under:ADJZ || ẖr-ï || under-ADJZ[M.SG]
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)w'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}w || under:ADJZ:M.PL || ẖr-ï-w || under-ADJZ-M.PL
|-
| ''ẖr.(j)t'' || ẖr{{TrSep}}ï{{TrSep}}t || under:ADJZ:F || ẖr-ï-t || under-ADJZ-F
|}

=== ‘Indirect Genitive’ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nï || of || nï || of[M.SG]
|-
| ''n(j).w'' || nï{{TrSep}}w || of:M.PL || nï-w || of-M.PL
|-
| ''n(j).t'' || nï{{TrSep}}t || of:F || nï-t || of-F
|-
| ''n(j) ''(uninflected) || nï || of || nï || of
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ntï / nt(j)'' || ntï || REL || ntï || REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''nt(j).w'' || ntï{{TrSep}}w || REL:M.PL || ntï-w || REL-M.PL
|-
| ''nt(j).t'' || ntï{{TrSep}}t || REL:F || ntï-t || REL-F
|-
| ''jwtï / jwt(j)'' || jwtï || REL.NEG || jwtï || REL.NEG[M.SG]
|-
| ''jwt(j).w'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}w || REL.NEG:M.PL || jwtï-w || REL.NEG-M.PL
|-
| ''jwt(j).t'' || jwtï{{TrSep}}t || REL.NEG:F || jwtï-t || REL.NEG-F
|}

=== Uninflected verbal forms ===
==== Infinitive ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:INF || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:Ꜥnḫ'' || s{{TrSep}}Ꜥnḫ || CAUS:live:INF || s-Ꜥnḫ || CAUS-live{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''s:ḏd'' || s{{TrSep}}ḏd{{TrSep}}t || tell:INF || s{{TrSep}}č̣ṭ{{TrSep}}t || tell{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:INF || gm{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}INF
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it recommended to transcribe and gloss ''gmi̯.t'' as gm{{TrSep}}t gm{{TrSep}}t find{{tf}}INF instead of gm-t find-INF?’''
:A gloss gm-t find-INF would make the reader understand that gm alone is an unmarked stem for ‘find’ and that -t is the only feature that marks the infinitive (INF). This however is not the case. The feature INF is distributed across the whole word, i.e. it is a '''transfix'''. Indeed, INF equals /_ī_it/ in verbs ''IIIae inf.'' like ''gmi̯'' and /_a_a_/ in strong 3rad verbs like ''sḏm''. With the markup with ‘{{tf}}’, the encoder makes it clear that '''the feature INF is not solely present in the ''.t'''''.
:This remark is relevant for most of the other verbal and de-verbal forms.

==== ‘Complementary Infinitive’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || find:ADV.INF || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || find{{tf}}ADV.INF
|}

==== ‘Negatival Complement’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:ADVZ || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}ADVZ
|}

=== Verbal forms with person/number inflection ===
==== Imperative ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IMP || gm || find{{tf}}IMP
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:IMP:PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}IMP-PL
|-
| ''m'' || m || do.not:IMP || m || PROH
|}

==== Resultative ''alias'' Stative ''alias'' ‘Pseudo-participle’ ====
;Middle Egyptian:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.kw / gmi̯.k(w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}kw || find:RES:1SG || gm-kw || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯.w'' || gm / gm{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm-w || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES-3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / *gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || rowspan="2" | find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || rowspan="2" | find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.wïn'' || gm{{TrSep}}wïn || gm-wïn
|-
| ''gmi̯.twnï / gmi̯.twn(ï)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnï || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnï || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯(.w) / gmy(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL || gm-w / gmy-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL
|}

;Old Egyptian (orthography):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''gmi̯.k(j) / gmi̯.kj'' || gm{{TrSep}}kj || find:RES:1SG || gm-kj || find{{tf}}RES-1SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:2SG || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-2SG
|-
| ''gmi̯ / gmi̯(.j)'' || gm / gm.j || find:RES:3SG.M || gm / gm.j || find{{tf}}RES[3SG.M] / find{{tf}}RES:3SG.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3SG.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3SG.F
|-
| ''*gmi̯.(w)n / gmi̯.wn '' || gm{{TrSep}}wn || find:RES:1PL || gm-wn || find{{tf}}RES-1PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.twn(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}twnj || find:RES:2PL || gm-twnj || find{{tf}}RES-2PL
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w / gmj(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gmj{{TrSep}}w || find:RES:3PL.M || gm-w / gmj-w || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.M
|-
| ''gmi̯.t(j) / gmi̯.tj'' || gm{{TrSep}}tj || find:RES:3PL.F || gm-tj || find{{tf}}RES-3PL.F
|}

=== Verbal forms with tense/aspect/mode inflection ===
==== ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Present’ ''alias'' ‘Circumstantial’ || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:IPFV || gm || find{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:IPFV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}IPFV
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''‘Subjunctive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ || ''gmy / gmi̯'' || gmy / gm || find:SBJV || gmy / gm || find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''jn.t'' || jnt || fetch:SBJV || jn{{TrSep}}t || fetch{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:SBJV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''mꜢn'' || mꜢn || see:SBJV || mꜢn || see{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| ''nn gmy'' || nn gmy || not find:SBJV || nn gmy || NEG find{{tf}}SBJV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective’ ''alias'' ‘Future’ || ''gmi̯.w / gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find:POST || gm{{TrSep}}w / gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST || mꜢꜢ || see{{tf}}POST
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.w'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfect’ ''alias'' ‘Perfective’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': find{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''mꜢ.n'' || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see:ANT || mꜢ{{TrSep}}n || see{{tf}}ANT (''analytic'': see{{tf}}PFV.ANT)
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯.n'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}n || not find:PFV {{Orange|(!)}} || nj=gm{{TrSep}}n || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV<S>.ANT</S> {{Orange|(!)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective’''' || ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PFV || gm || find{{tf}}PFV ‘Perfective’
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PRV || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PRV
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯'' || nj gm || not find:PFV || nj=gm || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Completive’''' ''alias'' ‘Terminative’ || ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:COMPL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}t || hear{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ.t'' || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see:COMPL || mꜢꜢ{{TrSep}}t || see{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| ''nj gmi̯.t'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}t || not find:COMPL || nj=gm{{TrSep}}t || NEG=find{{tf}}COMPL
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Perfective Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯(.w)'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PFV.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:PFV.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:PFV.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}PFV.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Passive’ || ''gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:POST.PASS || gm{{TrSep}}w || find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢ'' || mꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ || see{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) gmi̯(.w)'' || nj gm{{TrSep}}w || not find:POST.PASS || nj=gm{{TrSep}}w || NEG=find{{tf}}POST.PASS
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''‘Posterior Passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective Passive’ || ''sḏmm'' || sḏmm || hear:POST.PASS || sč̣m~m || hear~POST.PASS
|-
| ''mꜢꜢ'' || mꜢꜢ || see:POST.PASS || mꜢ~Ꜣ || see~POST.PASS
|-
| ''n(j) sḏmm'' || nj sḏmm || not hear:POST.PASS || nj=sč̣m~m || NEG=hear~POST.PASS
|}

Note that the optionally following personal suffix pronoun, from which these verbal forms have their traditional Egyptological name ‘Suffix Conjugation’, is not a true inflection since it is in complementary distribution with full noun phrases.

Cf. the following two sentences:
{| {{Glossing table}}
|-
| ''jw gmi̯.n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ.t'' || ''jw gmi̯.n'''=f''' mḏꜣ.t''
|-
| jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n '''nzw''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t || jw gmi̯{{TrSep}}n-'''f''' mḏꜣ{{TrSep}}t
|-
| GRND find{{tf}}ANT '''king(M)[SG]''' writing:F[SG] || GRND find{{tf}}ANT-'''3SG.M''' writing:F[SG]
|-
| ‘'''The king''' found the manuscript.’ || ‘'''He''' found the manuscript.’
|}

;FAQ:
:''‘How shall we deal with the ‘aorist’ ''nj sḏm.n=f''?’''
:The gloss refers to the morphology. Therefore, we should gloss the verbal ''sḏm.n=f'' in the same way in all instances. (Also: If we treated the case of ''nj sḏm.n=f'' specially, we would hide the interesting semantic effect in Egyptian from the reader. But he might be interested to see!)
;FAQ:
:''‘Why is it that ''nj sḏm.n=f'' does not normally have anterior meaning?’''
:The ‘Anterior’ ''sḏm.n=f'' is a perfective (phasal aspect) anterior (relative tense) form in Middle Egyptian. Egyptian – like a few other languages – uses a perfective form for a general negation of action (‘does not happen; does never happen’). ‘Perfective’ is a specific ''phasal aspect''. It means that the speaker chooses to look at the action as a whole – from the beginning to its end, explicitly enclosing its end. Since one can normally only speak about the end if an action has already ended (''Bounded Event Constraint''), perfective forms usually have anterior (relative tense) or past (absolute tense) meaning. If an action does never occurs, however, this natural conclusion is not mandatory. By choosing a perfective form, languages like Egyptian simply insist to convey the information that the whole action – from its beginning to its end (perfective aspect) – never occurs. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (2008) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-Aspect_vs_Relative_Tense.pdf Aspect vs. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian ''sḏm.n=f''], in: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 16, p. 261-292.</ref>

==== Nominal verb forms of the ‘Suffix Conjugation’ ====
Note that some of these forms are morphologically related to the respective ‘relative forms’ (see below). Indeed, they are ‘uninflected relative forms’ in as far as they are ‘relative forms’ without number/gender endings. <ref>Werning, Daniel A. (in print) Uninflected Relative Verb Forms as Converbs and Verbal Rhemes: The two schemes of the Emphatic Construction as a detached adjectival phrase construction and as a truncated Balanced Sentence. In: [Grossman, Eitan, Stéphane Polis, Andréas Stauder & Jean Winand] (eds.), [''Proceedings of the conference ‘New Directions in Egyptian Syntax’, 12th–14th May 2011, Liège''], ca. 28 pp.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| '''‘Nominal Anterior’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfective’ ''alias'' ‘Nominal Perfect’ || ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:NMLZ:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}NMLZ:ANT
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''‘Nominal Imperfective’''' ''alias'' ‘Nominal Present’ || ''gmm'' || gmm || find:NMLZ:IPFV || gm~m || find{{tf}}NMLZ~IPFV
|-
| ''sḏm'' || sḏm || hear:NMLZ.IPFV || sč̣m || hear{{tf}}NMLZ.IPFV
|-
| '''‘Neutral Nominal Verbal Form’''' || ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy / gm || find:NMLZ || gmy, gm || find{{tf}}NMLZ
|}

==== Consecutive verb forms, ''alias'' ‘Contingent verb forms’ ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ‘Consecutive’ || ''gmi̯.jn'' || rowspan="4" | gm{{TrSep}}jn || rowspan="4" | find:CNSV || gm{{TrSep}}jn || find{{tf}}CNSV
|-
|  (‘Perfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}PRV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯.jn'' || gm-jn || find{{tf}}IPFV-CNSV
|-
|  (‘Posterior Consecutive’) || ''gmi̯(.w).jn / gmi̯.w.jn'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-jn || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV
|-
| ‘Obligative’ || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || rowspan="3" | find:OBLV || gm{{TrSep}}ḫr || find{{tf}}OBLV
|-
|  (‘Imperfective Obligative’) || ''gmi̯.ḫr'' || gm-ḫr || find{{tf}}IPFV-OBLV
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Obligative’) || ''gm(y).ḫr'' || gmy-ḫr || find{{tf}}SBJV-OBLV
|-
| ‘Potentialis’ || ''gmi̯.kꜢ'' || rowspan="3" | gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || rowspan="3" | find:CNSV.POT || gm{{TrSep}}kꜢ || find{{tf}}CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Posterior Potentialis’) || ''gmi̯(.w).kꜢ / gmi̯.w.kꜢ'' || gm{{TrSep}}w-kꜢ || find{{tf}}POST-CNSV.POT
|-
|  (‘Subjunctive Potentialis’) || ''gm(y).kꜢ'' || gmy-kꜢ || find{{tf}}SBJV-CNSV.POT
|}

==== Passive suffix ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Middle Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(w) / .tw'' || {{TrSep}}tw || :PASS || -tw (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Old Egyptian (orthography)'''
|-
| ''.t(j) / .tj'' || {{TrSep}}tj || :PASS || -tj (''or'' -t) || -PASS
|}

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''tm'' || tm || not_do || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''pꜢw / pꜢ(w)'' || pꜢw || did || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

=== Adjectival verbal forms ===
==== ‘Relative Forms’ ====
Note that at least some of these forms are morphologically related to or indeed identical with the respective passive participles (see below).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Anterior Relative Form’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective Relative Form’ ''alias'' ‘Relative Form Perfect’
|-
| ''gmi̯.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL[M]:ANT
|-
| ''gmi̯.t.n'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find:REL:F:ANT || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}n || find{{tf}}REL:F:ANT
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Imperfective Relative Form’'''
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M || gm~m-w || find~REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:REL.IPFV:M.PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:REL.IPFV:M.PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:REL.IPFV:F || gm~m-t || find~REL.IPFV-F
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:REL.IPFV:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}REL.IPFV-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘''Clère''’s relative form’''' alias ‘Perfective Relative Form’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:REL || gmy || find{{tf}}REL[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:REL:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}REL-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:REL:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}REL-F
|}

==== Participles ====
;Unabbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PTCP.ACT || gm || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.ACT:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.ACT:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PTCP.PASS || gmy || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP.PASS:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP.PASS:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PTCP.PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR.ACT:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:M.PL (''abbr.'': hear:PDA:M.PL) || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR.ACT:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR.ACT-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M || gm~m-w || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PTCP:DISTR:PASS:F || gm~m-t || find~PTCP:DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PTCP.DISTR:PASS:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PTCP.DISTR:PASS-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PTCP.POST:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PTCP.POST:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PTCP.POST.ACT:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PTCP.POST.ACT:PL
|}

;Abbreviated:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmi̯'' || gm || find:PA || gm || find{{tf}}PA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmi̯(.w) / gmi̯.w'' || gm{{TrSep}}w || find:PA:M.PL || gm-w || find{{tf}}PA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmi̯.t'' || gm{{TrSep}}t || find:PA:F || gm-t || find{{tf}}PA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Neutral participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Perfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmy / gm(y)'' || gmy || find:PP || gmy || find{{tf}}PP[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmy(.w) / gm(y).w'' || gmy{{TrSep}}w || find:PP:M.PL || gmy-w || find{{tf}}PP-M.PL
|-
| ''gm(y).t / gmy.t'' || gmy{{TrSep}}t || find:PP:F || gmy-t || find{{tf}}PP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle active’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle active’
|-
| ''gmm(.ï) / gmm.ï / gmm.y'' || gmm{{TrSep}}ï , gmm{{TrSep}}y || find:PDA || gm~m{{TrSep}}ï , gm~m{{TrSep}}y || find~PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''gmm.yw / gmm.y(w) / gmm.(y)w'' || gmm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || find:PDA:M.PL || gm~m{{TrSep}}y-w || find~PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDA:F || gm~m-t || find~PDA-F
|-
| ''sḏm(.ï) / sḏm.ï / sḏm.y'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}ï , sḏm{{TrSep}}y || hear:PDA || sč̣m{{TrSep}}ï , sč̣m{{TrSep}}y || hear{{tf}}PDA[M.SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.yw / sḏm.(y)w / sḏm.y(w) /'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}y{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDA:M.PL || sč̣m{{TrSep}}y-w || hear{{tf}}PDA-M.PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDA:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDA-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Distributive participle passive’''' ''alias'' ‘Imperfective participle passive’
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm(.w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M || gm~m-w || find~PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''gmm.w / gmm.w(w)'' || gmm{{TrSep}}w || find:PDP:M:PL || gm~m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || find~PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''gmm.t'' || gmm{{TrSep}}t || find:PDP:F || gm~m-t || find~PDP-F
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm(.w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M || sč̣m-w || hear{{tf}}PDP-M[SG]
|-
| ''sḏm.w / sḏm.w(w)'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}w || hear:PDP:M:PL || sč̣m-ww {{Orange|(!)}} || hear{{tf}}PDP-M:PL
|-
| ''sḏm.t'' || sḏm{{TrSep}}t || hear:PDP:F || sč̣m-t || hear{{tf}}PDP-F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior participle’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective participle’
|-
| ''gmi̯.y / gmi̯(.y)'' || gm{{TrSep}}y || find:PPO:M || gm{{TrSep}}y || find{{tf}}PPO:M
|-
| ''gmi̯.tj / gmi̯.t(j)'' || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find:PPO:F || gm{{TrSep}}t{{TrSep}}j || find{{tf}}PPO:F
|-
| colspan="5" | '''‘Posterior verbal adjective’''' ''alias'' ‘Prospective verbal adjective’
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=f{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=f{ï} / gmi̯.tï=f'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find:PPA:M.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}f || find{{tf}}PPA:M.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=s{ï} / gmi̯.t(ï)=s{ï} / gmi̯.tï=s'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find:PPA:F.SG || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}s || find{{tf}}PPA:F.SG
|-
| ''gmi̯.tï=sn / gmi̯.t(ï)=sn'' || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find:PPA:PL || gm{{TrSep}}tï{{TrSep}}sn || find{{tf}}PPA:PL
|}

=== Particles and function words ===
==== Prepositions ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''r'' (STN) || r || to / against / attached <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012">Werning, Daniel A. (2012) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2012-Egyptian_Prepositions_Spatial_Relations.pdf Ancient Egyptian Prepositions for the Expression of Spatial Relations and their Translations. A typological approach]. In: Eitan Grossmann, Stéphane Polis & Jean Winand (eds.), ''Lexical Semantics in Ancient Egyptian'' (Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 9), Hamburg: Kai Widmaier, p. 293-346.</ref> / as_for || r= || ALL= / against= / ATTD= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for=
|-
| ''jr= / r='' (STPR) || jr- / r- || to- / against- / attached- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / as_for- || r- || ALL- / against- / ATTD- / as_for-
|-
| ''n'' (STN) || n || for / due_to || n= || BEN= / due_to=
|-
| ''n='' (STPR) || n- || for- / due_to- || n- || BEN- / due_to-
|-
| ''m'' (STN) || m || in / from <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of / as / with || m= || INESS= / ABL= <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of= / as= / with=
|-
| ''jm='' (STPR) || m- || in- / from- <ref name=" Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with- || jm- || INESS- / ABL- <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / made_of- / as- / with-
|-
| ''ḥr'' || ḥr || on / above / at / because_of || ḥr || SUPR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / at / because_of
|-
| ''dp ''(trad. ''tp'')<ref>Werning. Daniel A. (2004) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/Daniel_Werning-2004-Gardiner_D1.pdf The Sound Values of the Signs Gardiner D1 (Head) and T8 (Dagger)]. In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 12
p. 183–203.</ref> || dp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> || ṭp || upon / on / ahead <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" />
|-
| ''ẖr'' || ẖr || under / below / with || ẖr || INFR <ref name="Werning_prepositions_2012" /> / with
|}

==== Autonomous and enclitic particles ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''j'' || j || EXLM || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jw'' || jw || GRND / CORD || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jwt'' || jwt || that_not || jwt || COMP.NEG
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || Q || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jn'' || jn || by || jn || AGT
|-
| ''jr'' || jr || as_for || jr || TOPZ
|-
| ''js'' || js || FOCZ || =js || =FOCZ
|-
| ''ꜤḥꜤ.n'' || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || then || ꜤḥꜤ{{TrSep}}n || CJVB:ANT
|-
| ''.wï ''(adjectival clause) || {{TrSep}}wï || :EXLM || -wï || -EXLM
|-
| ''wn.jn'' || wn{{TrSep}}jn || then || wn{{TrSep}}jn || CJVB:CNSV
|-
| ''wnt'' || wnt || that || wnt || COMP
|-
| ''pw ''(nominal clause) || pw || this || =pw || =DEM.C
|-
| ''m=k'' || m{{TrSep}}k || look.IMP:2SG.M || m-k || ATTN-2SG.M
|-
| ''m=ṯ'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯ || look.IMP:2SG.F || m-č || ATTN-2SG.F
|-
| ''m=ṯn'' || m{{TrSep}}ṯn || look.IMP:2PL || m-čn || ATTN-2PL
|-
| ''n(j)'' || nj || not || nj= || NEG=
|-
| ''n(j) ... js'' || nj ... js || not1 ... not1 || nj= ... js || NEG1= ... NEG1
|-
| ''nn'' || nn || not / non_existent || nn || NEG / non_existent
|-
| ''ntt'' || ntt || that || ntt || COMP
|-
| ''ḥwï / ḥw(ï)'' || ḥwï || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḥꜢ'' || ḥꜢ || MODP || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''ḫr'' || ḫr || OBLV || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''sk , jsṯ , ...'' || sk , jsṯ , ... || SBRD / meanwhile || sk , jsč , ... || SBRD / meanwhile
|-
| ''tj'' || tj || SBRD / while || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''kꜢ'' || kꜢ || CNSV.POT || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|}

==== Adverbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''ꜤꜢ'' || ꜤꜢ || here || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''jm'' || jm || there || colspan="2" | ''same as advanced''
|-
| ''wr.t'' || wr{{TrSep}}t || very || wr{{TrSep}}t || very:ADVZ
|}

=== Selected clause patterns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Trad. !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight1}} | Advanced !! colspan="2" {{CellHighlight2}} | Expert
|-
| ''jw=s sḏm=s'' || jw{{TrSep}}s sḏm{{TrSep}}s || GRND:3SG.F hear:IPFV:3SG.F || jw-s sč̣m-s || GRND-3SG.F hear{{tf}}IPFV-3SG.F
|-
| ''jw sḏm.n=s'' || jw sḏm{{TrSep}}n{{TrSep}}s || GRND hear:ANT:3SG.F || jw sč̣m{{TrSep}}n-s || GRND hear{{tf}}ANT-3SG.F
|-
| ''nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M at find:INF || nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M at find:INF || jw nzw ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f ḥr gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M at find:INF || jw-f ḥr gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M at find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw m jyi̯.t'' || nzw m jy{{TrSep}}t || king.M in come:INF || nzw m= jy{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] in= come{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''nzw r gmi̯.t'' || nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || king.M to find:INF || nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw nzw r gmi̯.t'' || jw nzw r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king.M to find:INF || jw nzw r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND king(M)[SG] to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''jw=f r gmi̯.t'' || jw{{TrSep}}f r gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND:3SG.M to find:INF || jw-f r= gm{{TrSep}}t || GRND-3SG.M to= find{{tf}}INF
|-
| ''(j)ḫ.t pw nfr.t'' || jḫ{{TrSep}}t pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F DEM.C good:F || jḫ{{TrSep}}t =pw nfr{{TrSep}}t || thing:F[SG] =DEM.C good:F[SG]
|}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning (2009). [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/%7Edwernin/published/DiBiase_Kammerzell_Werning-2009-Glossing_Ancient_Egyptian.pdf Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules]. In: ''Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies'' 17: 243–266.
;Grammars:
* Allen, James P. (2010) ''Middle Egyptian. An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', 2nd ed., Cambridge: University Press, ISBN 978-0521741446, ISBN 978-0521517966. (Read [http://archive.org/details/JamesP.Allen.......middleEgyptianAnIntroductionToTheLanguageCulture online])
* Malaise, Michael & Jean Winand (1999) ''Grammaire raisonnée de l’égyptien classique'', Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 6, Liège: Centre informatique de philosophie et lettres, Book No. D/1999/0480/18.
* * Schenkel, Wolfgang (2012) ''Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift'', 7th, rev. ed., Tübingen: Pagina, ISBN 978-3-938529-05-8.

Unicode

2016-11-17T21:29:02Z

Werningd: /* Keyboard layout creators */

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''Ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''Ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', PID http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#In_der_elektronischen_Datenverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layouts ===
====Creator programs====

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']

====Ready layouts====

* Egyptological transliteration, see https://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/de/aegy_anoa/utilities/.

=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2016-11-17T21:24:21Z

Werningd: /* Recommended fonts */ Citation link corrected

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''Ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''Ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning. 28.7.2016. ''Egyptological Transliteration in Unicode'', PID http://hdl.handle.net/21.11101/0000-0000-9E1A-2; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#In_der_elektronischen_Datenverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layout creators ===
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']
=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2016-11-17T21:21:27Z

Werningd: /* Recommended fonts */ Font recommendation for Egyptological transliteration changed

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''Ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''Ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū
|-
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning, [http://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/aegy_anoa/utilities/egyptological_transliteration_unicode ''Egyptological transliteration in Unicode'']; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#In_der_elektronischen_Datenverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL]'' || style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" | <big><big>''ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layout creators ===
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']
=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2016-11-17T21:15:58Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ half brackets code corrected

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''Ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''Ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū, <big>⌈ ⌉ 〈〉</big>
|-
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning, [http://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/aegy_anoa/utilities/egyptological_transliteration_unicode ''Egyptological transliteration in Unicode'']; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#In_der_elektronischen_Datenverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''Ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï Ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layout creators ===
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']
=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:New Athena Unicode" |<big><big>⸢</big></big> || U+2E22 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⸣</big></big> || U+2E23|| ''New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''New Athena Unicode, Charis SIL''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

Unicode

2016-07-28T15:21:59Z

Werningd: /* Required Unicode characters */ Clarification of recommendation for Egyptological Alif

Transliterations and transcriptions of ancient languages usually use some '''special characters''', e.g. Greek signs, like alpha (α), ‘s’ with caron (''š''), ‘h’ with breve below (''ḫ''), ‘t’ with dot below (''ṭ''), Semitic Ain (''Ꜥ''), Egyptological Alif (''Ꜣ'').

In order to produce a robust file for e.g. a publisher, i.e. a file that is going to be displayed correctly on any electronic device, it is advisable that the encoder uses strictly '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Unicode fonts]''' to enter his/her data. '''Characters''' that have been entered with a Unicode font '''cannot be confused''' on any other device. This is because the file actually contains the unique Unicode number of the intended character, e.g. <nowiki>U+1E6D</nowiki>. This number is unique and reserved for this very character all across the world in any Unicode font. With Unicode fonts, the only things that can happen are: a) The character cannot be displayed at all on the receiver’s device; b) The style of the font may be different, depending on the actual Unicode font that is installed on the receiver’s device.)

== Recommended fonts ==
For glossing in general or for editing specific languages, we recommend to install the following fonts:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language !! Fonts !! Character examples
|-
| Glossing in general || [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download ''Charis SIL''] || diacritics, IPA symbols, ā ē ī ō ū, <big>⌈ ⌉ 〈〉</big>
|-
| Akkadian || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode] [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ Antinouu]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ʾ ʿ ḫ ṣ š ṭ''</big></big>
|-
| Coptic || [http://www.evertype.com/fonts/coptic/ ''Antinouu''] || style="font-family:Antinoou" | <big><big>ⲁ ⲉ ⲙ ϣ ϩ ϭ ϯ ⳉ ⳁ</big></big>
|-
| Ancient Egyptian<ref>Daniel A. Werning, [http://www.archaeologie.hu-berlin.de/aegy_anoa/utilities/egyptological_transliteration_unicode ''Egyptological transliteration in Unicode'']; Wikipedia, [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Hieroglyphen#In_der_elektronischen_Datenverarbeitung ''Ägyptische Hieroglyphen. In der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung''].</ref> || ''[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''Ꜣ ʾ ı͗ i̯ ï Ꜥ u̯ ḥ ḫ ẖ h̭ ś š ḳ č ṯ ṭ ṱ č̣ ḏ''</big></big>
|-
| Greek || [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html ''New Athena Unicode''] || <big><big>α ζ ς ή ω ᾆ ἧ ὧ</big></big> {{Red|but uses non-standardized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_%28Unicode%29 ''Private Use Area''] for some few characters:}} e.g. <big><big>   </big></big>.
|-
| Hittite || ''Arial Unicode MS [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]'' || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>''ḫ š''</big></big>
|}

== Recommended programs and links ==
=== Keyboard layout creators ===
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx ''Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator''] (Windows).
* Mac OS Keyboard Layout Editor [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele ''Ukulele'']
=== Unicode character programs and links ===
* BabelStone [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelMap.html ''BabelMap''] (Windows)
* Fileformat.info [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm ''Unicode character search''] (online)

== Required Unicode characters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Character !! Unicode number !! Character !! Unicode number !! Fonts !! Languages
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʿ</big></big> || U+02BF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ʾ</big></big> || U+02BE || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜥ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed">The characters U+A725 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN and U+A723 LATIN {{Orange|SMALL}} LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF are not supposed to be smaller than the respective capitals. This seems to be a mistake in the original Unicode definition. For print typesetting (but not for database encoding), we recommend to use the respectice CAPITAL letters instead.</ref> || U+A725 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜥ</big></big> || U+A724|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" | {{Orange|<big><big>ꜣ</big></big>}} <ref name="small_alif_malformed" /> || U+A723 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ꜣ</big></big> || U+A722|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č</big></big> || U+010D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č</big></big> || U+010C|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>č̣</big></big> || U+010D&U+0323 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Č̣</big></big> || U+010C&U+0323|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḏ</big></big> || U+1E0E|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḥ</big></big> || U+1E25 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḥ</big></big> || U+1E24|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḫ</big></big> || U+1E2B|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ẖ</big></big> || U+1E96 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̱</big></big> || 'H'+ U+0331|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>h̭</big></big> || 'h'&U+032D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>H̭</big></big> || 'H'&U+032D|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ı͗</big></big> || U+0131&U+0357 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>I͗</big></big> || 'I'&U+0357|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>i̯</big></big> || 'i'&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ï</big></big> || U+00EF || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ḳ</big></big> || U+1E33 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ḳ</big></big> || U+1E32|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṣ</big></big> || U+032E || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṣ</big></big> || U+032D|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Akkadian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ś</big></big> || U+015B || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ś</big></big> || U+015A|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>š</big></big> || U+0161 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Š</big></big> || U+0160|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian, Hittite
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṯ</big></big> || U+1E6E|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6D || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>Ṭ</big></big> || U+1E6C|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Akkadian, Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>u̯</big></big> || ‘u’&U+032F || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⸗</big></big> || U+2E17 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big></big></big> || || ''New Athena Unicode''|| Ancient Egyptian
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>⌈</big></big> || U+2308 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>⌉</big></big> || U+2309|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup
|-
| style="font-family:Charis SIL" |<big><big>〈</big></big> || U+2329 || style="font-family:Charis SIL" | <big><big>〉</big></big> || U+232A|| ''Charis SIL, New Athena Unicode''|| text critical markup

|}

== References ==
<references />

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2015-12-18T10:39:04Z

Werningd: Correction

* SEARCH

* navigation
** mainpage|Home (TOC)
*** Glossing_Rules|General Rules
*** Glossing_Abbreviations|Abbreviations
**** Akkadian:Glossing_of_common_Akkadian_forms|Akkadian
***** Akkadian:Glossing_of_common_Akkadian_forms|- Akkadian forms
***** Akkadian:Glossing_recommendations|- General remarks
**** Later_Egyptian:Glossing_of_common_Sahidic_Coptic_forms|Coptic
***** Later_Egyptian:Glossing_of_common_Sahidic_Coptic_forms|- Sahidic forms
***** Coptic:Glossing_recommendations|- General remarks
**** Ancient_Egyptian:Glossing_recommendations|Hieroglyphic Egyptian
***** Ancient_Egyptian:Glossing_of_common_Earlier_Egyptian_forms|- Middle Egyptian forms
***** Ancient_Egyptian:Glossing_recommendations|- General remarks
**** Ancient_Greek:Glossing_recommendations|Ancient Greek
**** Hittite:Glossing_recommendations|Hittite
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*** Editing_glosses|Editing glosses

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Hittite:Glossing recommendations

2015-10-07T09:19:59Z

Werningd: /* Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines */ added: superscript; keep sumerograms in italic

== Examples for common forms ==

(In preperation.)

{{Separating bar}}

== Extra Glossing transcription line ==
Traditional scholarly transliteration as well as bound transcription of '''Hittite''' uses punctuation, too. This punctuation is in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the [[Glossing Rules]].

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Puctuation !! Meaning in scholarly transliterations of Hittite !! Meaning in scholarly bound transcription of Hittite !! Meaning in Glossing transcription line !! Meaning in Glossing line
|-
| align="center" | '''.''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Separates Sumerograms}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_period_expert|''Portmanteau'']] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''-''' || {{Red|Seperates syllabograms}} || {{Red|Seperates Akkadograms}} || colspan="2" |[[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''=''' || — || Clitic || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_colon|Clitic]]
|-
| align="center" | '''( )''' || — || {{Orange|Non-overt phonemes, scholarly reconstruction}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_parentheses|Inherent]] category
|-
| align="center" | '''[ ]''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Completely destroyed text (''lacuna''), potentially with reconstructed content}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_square_brackets|‘Zero’ morpheme]]
|-
| align="center" | '''&lceil; &rceil;''' || colspan="2" | Partially destroyed text, usually with reconstructed content || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''{ }''' || colspan="2" | Emendation of a scribal error (deletion) || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''< >''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Emendation of a scribal error (addition)}} || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_angle_brackets|Infix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''~''' || colspan="2" | — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_tilde|Reduplication]] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''{{tf}}''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_transfix|Transfix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''_''' || colspan="2" | — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_object_language|Fixed phrase]] || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_gloss|Fixed phrase]]
|-
| align="center" | '''\''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_backslash|''Ablaut'']] phenomenon
|-
| align="center" | '''/''' || colspan="2" | (Options) || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_slash|Ambigous]] morpheme
|}

In order to prevent any confusion, it is strongly advisable or, as far as “-” and “< >” are concerned, even mandatory not to use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line (directly above the Glossing line). Keep in mind that the '''number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “< >” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to [[Glossing_Rules#Correct_sequential_alignment|match exactly]]'''.

; Problematic examples:
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || URU''Ku{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}uš{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ša{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Red|<}}ra{{Red|>}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''kat{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}an{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ga{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ri{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it'' || ''ụ́{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || URU''Kussa{{Red|<}}ra{{Red|>}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''katta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}ngarit'' || ''u{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}et{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

Consequently, the encoder needs to add '''an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’''' between the traditional Transliteration line (or traditional Bound transcription line) and the Glossing line.

; Examples:
{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || URU''Ku-uš-ša-<ra>'' || URU-''az'' || ''kat-ta'' || ''[pa-]an-ga-ri-it'' || ''ụ́[-it]''
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT || uet
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || URU''Kussa<ra>'' || URU-''az'' || ''katta'' || ''[pa]ngarit'' || ''u[et]''
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit || uet
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the [[Glossing Rules]]. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her scholarly tradition.

{{Separating bar}}

== Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines ==
To '''derive a valid Glossing transcription line''' from a traditional transliteration or transcription line, the follwoing hand-on rules may help.

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional transliteration line !! Traditional transcription line !! Glossing transliteration line !! Examples
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" rowspan="2" | '''.''' || make bound transcription ||
|-
| keep it (if bound transcription impossible) || LUGAL.GAL → LUGAL.GAL king:great ‘Great King’
|-
| align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || || make bound transcription || ''Ku-uš-ša-ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ URU-''az'' → URUaz city:ABL ‘from (the) city’
|-
| || align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || like “.”, but with sumerograms; keep italics for sumerogram || GAL-''ŠUNU'' → GAL.''ŠUNU'' great:POSS.3PL.M ‘their leader’
|-
| || align="center" | = || keep it ([[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|clitic]]) || ''me-e-ni-im-me-et'' → mēni=mmet face:ACC.SG=POSS.1SG.ACC.SG.N ‘my face’
|-
| || align="center" | '''( )''' || leave parentheses and content out || ''n(u)=an'' → n=an CONN=3SG.ACC.C ‘and him’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | (superscript) || leave classifiers out || URU''Kussara'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | {{Red|'''< >'''}} || leave brackets out; keep content || URU''Kussa<ra>'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''{ }''' || leave brackets and content out || URU''Kussa{sa}ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''[ ]''' || leave brackets out; keep content or leave it out || URU''[Kussa]ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ URU''[Kussa]ra'' → [__]ra ‘[''destroyed'']’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''&lceil; &rceil;''' || leave brackets out; keep content || URU''&lceil;Kussa&rceil;ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|}

Hittite:Glossing recommendations

2015-10-07T09:10:38Z

Werningd: /* Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines */ Revision of cases like "n(u)="

== Examples for common forms ==

(In preperation.)

{{Separating bar}}

== Extra Glossing transcription line ==
Traditional scholarly transliteration as well as bound transcription of '''Hittite''' uses punctuation, too. This punctuation is in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the [[Glossing Rules]].

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Puctuation !! Meaning in scholarly transliterations of Hittite !! Meaning in scholarly bound transcription of Hittite !! Meaning in Glossing transcription line !! Meaning in Glossing line
|-
| align="center" | '''.''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Separates Sumerograms}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_period_expert|''Portmanteau'']] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''-''' || {{Red|Seperates syllabograms}} || {{Red|Seperates Akkadograms}} || colspan="2" |[[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_hyphen|Affix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''=''' || — || Clitic || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_colon|Clitic]]
|-
| align="center" | '''( )''' || — || {{Orange|Non-overt phonemes, scholarly reconstruction}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_parentheses|Inherent]] category
|-
| align="center" | '''[ ]''' || colspan="2" | {{Orange| Completely destroyed text (''lacuna''), potentially with reconstructed content}} || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_square_brackets|‘Zero’ morpheme]]
|-
| align="center" | '''&lceil; &rceil;''' || colspan="2" | Partially destroyed text, usually with reconstructed content || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''{ }''' || colspan="2" | Emendation of a scribal error (deletion) || colspan="2" | —
|-
| align="center" | '''< >''' || colspan="2" | {{Red|Emendation of a scribal error (addition)}} || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_angle_brackets|Infix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''~''' || colspan="2" | — || colspan="2" | [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_tilde|Reduplication]] morpheme
|-
| align="center" | '''{{tf}}''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_transfix|Transfix]]
|-
| align="center" | '''_''' || colspan="2" | — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_object_language|Fixed phrase]] || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_underscore_gloss|Fixed phrase]]
|-
| align="center" | '''\''' || colspan="2" | — || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_backslash|''Ablaut'']] phenomenon
|-
| align="center" | '''/''' || colspan="2" | (Options) || — || [[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_slash|Ambigous]] morpheme
|}

In order to prevent any confusion, it is strongly advisable or, as far as “-” and “< >” are concerned, even mandatory not to use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line (directly above the Glossing line). Keep in mind that the '''number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “< >” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to [[Glossing_Rules#Correct_sequential_alignment|match exactly]]'''.

; Problematic examples:
{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || URU''Ku{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}uš{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ša{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Red|<}}ra{{Red|>}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''kat{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}an{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ga{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}ri{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it'' || ''ụ́{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}it{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

{| {{Wrong glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || URU''Kussa{{Red|<}}ra{{Red|>}}'' || URU{{Red|<nowiki>-</nowiki>}}''az'' || ''katta'' || ''{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}pa{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}ngarit'' || ''u{{Orange|<nowiki>[</nowiki>}}et{{Orange|<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}''
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

Consequently, the encoder needs to add '''an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’''' between the traditional Transliteration line (or traditional Bound transcription line) and the Glossing line.

; Examples:
{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Transliteration''' || LUGAL || URU''Ku-uš-ša-<ra>'' || URU-''az'' || ''kat-ta'' || ''[pa-]an-ga-ri-it'' || ''ụ́[-it]''
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT || uet
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

{| {{Glossing table}} |
|-
| '''Bound transcription''' || LUGAL || URU''Kussa<ra>'' || URU-''az'' || ''katta'' || ''[pa]ngarit'' || ''u[et]''
|-
| '''Glossing transcription''' || LUGAL || Kussara || URUaz || katta || pangarit || uet
|-
| '''Glosses''' || king || TOPN || city:ABL || down || mass:INSTR || come:PRT.3SG.ACT
|}
{{Translation|‘The king of ''Kussara'' [came] down from the city with great (power).’}}

In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the [[Glossing Rules]]. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her scholarly tradition.

{{Separating bar}}

== Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines ==
To '''derive a valid Glossing transcription line''' from a traditional transliteration or transcription line, the follwoing hand-on rules may help.

Compare the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Traditional transliteration line !! Traditional transcription line !! Glossing transliteration line !! Examples
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" rowspan="2" | '''.''' || make bound transcription ||
|-
| keep it (if bound transcription impossible) || LUGAL.GAL → LUGAL.GAL king:great ‘Great King’
|-
| align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || || make bound transcription || ''Ku-uš-ša-ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ URU-''az'' → URUaz city:ABL ‘from (the) city’
|-
| || align="center" | {{Red|'''-'''}} || “.” (like with Sumerograms) || GAL-''ŠUNU'' → GAL.ŠUNU great:POSS.3PL.M ‘their leader’
|-
| || align="center" | = || keep it ([[Glossing_Rules#Punctuation_equal_sign|clitic]]) || ''me-e-ni-im-me-et'' → mēni=mmet face:ACC.SG=POSS.1SG.ACC.SG.N ‘my face’
|-
| || align="center" | '''( )''' || leave parentheses and content out || ''n(u)=an'' → n=an CONN=3SG.ACC.C ‘and him’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | {{Red|'''< >'''}} || leave brackets out; keep content || URU''Kussa<ra>'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''{ }''' || leave brackets and content out || URU''Kussa{sa}ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''[ ]''' || leave brackets out; keep content or leave it out || URU''[Kussa]ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’ URU''[Kussa]ra'' → [__]ra ‘[''destroyed'']’
|-
| align="center" colspan ="2" | '''&lceil; &rceil;''' || leave brackets out; keep content || URU''&lceil;Kussa&rceil;ra'' → Kussara TOPN ‘''Kussara''’
|}

Main Page

2015-10-07T05:10:23Z

Werningd: /* Specific recommendations for different languages */ Hittite in preparation

__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
<big><big><big>Glossing Ancient Languages</big></big></big>

[[File:Glossing-Demotic-Brugsch_1855_115.png|500x90px|link=|framed|right|'''Glossing of Heinrich Brugsch (1855)''']]
This is an open access forum on recommendations for the''' Interlinar Morphemic Glossing (IMG) of ancient languages'''.

Please feel free to '''contribute to or comment on''' existing pages and/or create new pages '''without login account'''. We appreciate your input. Your changes are logged under your IP address. Alternatively, you can [mailto:daniel.werning@topoi.org ask for a named login account] so that your changes appear under your own name.

=== General recommendations ===
* General [[Glossing Rules|glossing rules]] and recommendations (alignment, punctuation)
* Recommended [[Glossing Abbreviations|glossing abbreviations]]

[[File:Glossing-Egyptian-Champollion 1836 458.png|475x110px|link=|framed|right|'''Glossing of Jean François Champollion (1836-1841)''']]
[[File:Glossing-Egyptian-passage from Champollion 1836 458.png|475x122px|link=|framed|right|'''Modern glossing of same passage''']]
=== Specific recommendations for different languages ===
* Glossing Akkadian: [[Akkadian:Glossing of common Akkadian forms|Form examples]] and [[Akkadian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Ancient Egyptian
** Glossing Earlier Egyptian (Old Egyptian/Middle Egyptian): [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing of common Earlier Egyptian forms|Form examples]] and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Late Egyptian: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Demotic: Form examples {{Contribute}} and [[Ancient Egyptian:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
** Glossing Coptic: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Coptic:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Glossing Ancient Greek: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Ancient Greek:Glossing recommendations|hints]].
* Glossing Hittite: Form examples '''(in preparation)''' and [[Hittite:Glossing recommendations|hints]].

''In order to create a new page for another language, please follow [[Help:Contents#Creating a new page|these instructions]].''

=== Technical issues ===
* [[Unicode]] fonts and editing
* [[Editing glosses|Editing]] of aligned text examples

=== Examples ===
{{Contribute}}
* [[Akkadian:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Akkadian texts]]
* [[Ancient Egyptian:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Ancient Egyptian texts]]
* [[Ancient Greek:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Ancient Greek texts]]
* [[Hittite:Examples of glossings|Examples of glossed Hittite texts]]

If one of the following signs does not seem to be displayed correctly on your computer, please '''install a powerful Unicode font''' like [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=charissil_download Charis SIL] or [http://apagreekkeys.org/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode]:
''ḫ'', ''š'', ''ṭ'', ''ʿ'', (for Egyptian:) ''Ꜣ'', ''ḥ'', ''ẖ'', ''ṯ'', ''ḏ''.