Hittite:Glossing recommendations

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Examples for common forms

(In preperation.)


Extra Glossing transcription line

Traditional scholarly transliteration as well as bound transcription of Hittite uses punctuation, too. This punctuation is in conflict with the punctuation as defined by the Glossing Rules.

Compare the following table:

Puctuation Meaning in scholarly
transliterations of Hittite
Meaning in scholarly
bound transcription of Hittite
Meaning in
Glossing transcription line
Meaning in
Glossing line
. Separates cuneiform signs used in Sumerograms Portmanteau morpheme
: Glossenkeil Morpheme separator
- Separates cuneiform signs used in Akkadograms and in syllabic spelling Affix
= Clitic Clitic
( ) Non-overt phonemes,
scholarly reconstruction
Inherent category
[ ] Completely destroyed text (lacuna),
potentially with reconstructed content
‘Zero’ morpheme
⌈ ⌉ Partially destroyed text,
usually with reconstructed content
{ } Erasure
< > Emendation of a scribal error (addition) Infix
<< >> Emendation of a scribal error (deletion)
~ Reduplication morpheme
\ Transfix
_ Fixed phrase Fixed phrase
\ Ablaut phenomenon
/ (Options) Ambigous morpheme

In order to prevent any confusion, it is strongly advisable or, as far as “-” and “< >” are concerned, even mandatory not to use these symbols in their traditional meaning in the Glossing transcription line (directly above the Glossing line). Keep in mind that the number and sequence of “-”, “=”, “~”, and “< >” in the Glossing transcription and the gloss needs to match exactly.

Problematic examples
Transliteration LUGAL URUKu--ša-<ra> URU-az kat-ta [pa-]an-ga-ri-it ụ́[-it]
Glosses king TOPN city:ABL down mass:INSTR come:PRT.3SG.ACT
‘The king of Kussara [came] down from the city with great (power).’
 
Bound transcription LUGAL URUKussa<ra> URU-az katta [pa]ngarit u[et]
Glosses king TOPN city:ABL down mass:INSTR come:PRT.3SG.ACT
‘The king of Kussara [came] down from the city with great (power).’
 

Consequently, the encoder needs to add an extra ‘Glossing transcription line’ between the traditional Transliteration line (or traditional Bound transcription line) and the Glossing line.

Examples
Transliteration LUGAL URUKu-uš-ša-<ra> URU-az kat-ta [pa-]an-ga-ri-it ụ́[-it]
Glossing transcription LUGAL Kussara URUaz katta pangarit
Glosses king TOPN city:ABL down mass:INSTR come:PRT.3SG.ACT uet
‘The king of Kussara [came] down from the city with great (power).’
 


Bound transcription LUGAL URUKussa<ra> URU-az katta [pa]ngarit u[et]
Glossing transcription LUGAL Kussara URUaz katta pangarit uet
Glosses king TOPN city:ABL down mass:INSTR come:PRT.3SG.ACT
‘The king of Kussara [came] down from the city with great (power).’
 

In the Glossing transcription line, all symbols need to be used according to the Glossing Rules. In the Traditional transliteration line, however, the encoder may use all the symbols according to his/her scholarly tradition.


Hands-on transcription transformation guidelines

To derive a valid Glossing transcription line from a traditional transliteration or transcription line, the follwoing hand-on rules may help.

Compare the following table:

Traditional
transliteration
line
Traditional
transcription
line
Glossing
transliteration line
Examples
. make bound transcription
keep it (if bound transcription impossible) LUGAL.GAL → LUGAL.GAL king:great ‘Great King’
: leave out
- make bound transcription of either the underlying Hittite word or of the Akkadogram, i.e. the Akkadian word Ku-uš-ša-ra → Kussara TOPN ‘Kussara
URU-az → URUaz city:ABL ‘from (the) city’
- like “.”, but with sumerograms;
keep italics for sumerogram
GAL-ŠUNU → GAL.ŠUNU great:POSS.3PL.C ‘their leader’
= keep it (clitic) me-e-ni-im-me-et → mēni=mmet face:ACC.SG.N=POSS.1SG.NOM/ACC.SG.N ‘my face’
( ) leave parentheses
and content out
n(u)=an → n=an CNJ=3SG.ACC.C ‘and him’
(superscript) leave classifiers out URUKussara → Kussara TOPN ‘Kussara
< > leave brackets out;
keep content
URUKussa<ra> → Kussara TOPN ‘Kussara
{ } leave brackets and content out URUKussa{sa}ra → Kussara TOPN ‘Kussara
[ ] leave brackets out;
keep content or leave it out
URU[Kussa]ra → Kussara TOPN ‘Kussara
URU[Kussa]ra → [__]ra ‘[destroyed]’
⌈ ⌉ leave brackets out;
keep content
URU⌈Kussa⌉ra → Kussara TOPN ‘Kussara